Abstract
The implementation of demand response (DR) could contribute to significant economic benefits meanwhile simultaneously enhancing the security of the concerned power system. A well-designed carbon emission trading mechanism provides an efficient way to achieve emission reduction targets. Given this background, a virtual power plant (VPP) including demand response resources, gas turbines, wind power and photovoltaics with participation in carbon emission trading is examined in this work, and an optimal dispatching model of the VPP presented. First, the carbon emission trading mechanism is briefly described, and the framework of optimal dispatching in the VPP discussed. Then, probabilistic models are utilized to address the uncertainties in the predicted generation outputs of wind power and photovoltaics. Demand side management (DSM) is next implemented by modeling flexible loads such as the chilled water thermal storage air conditioning systems (CSACSs) and electric vehicles (EVs). On this basis, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for the optimal dispatching problem in the VPP is established, with an objective of maximizing the total profit of the VPP considering the costs of power generation and carbon emission trading as well as charging/discharging of EVs. Finally, the developed dispatching model is solved by the commercial CPLEX solver based on the YALMIP/MATLAB (version 8.4) toolbox, and sample examples are served for demonstrating the essential features of the proposed method.
Highlights
Power generation dominated by fossil fuels would result in environmental pollution deterioration and depletion of non-renewable resources
T =1 where T represents the number of time intervals in a day; λst is the electricity market price at time t; Pts is the power exchanged between the virtual power plant (VPP) and the distribution network at time t, and takes a negative gas value when the VPP purchases electricity from the distribution network; Ct, Ctc and CtEV represent the costs of the gas turbines, carbon trading and charging/discharging of electric vehicles (EVs) at time t, respectively
The actual power outputs of the wind power unit and photovoltaic unit in a typical day, which are unknown in making the energy consumer is equipped with a chilled water thermal storage air conditioning systems (CSACSs) and an EV, with both acting as dispatchable demand response (DR)
Summary
Power generation dominated by fossil fuels would result in environmental pollution deterioration and depletion of non-renewable resources. A VPP is a virtual entity which is aggregated by physical devices such as gas turbines, renewable energy units and flexible loads via advanced information technology and software systems [5], participating in the operation of the power system and electricity market concerned [6,7,8]. To the best of our knowledge, the optimal dispatching problem of a VPP considering DR and participation in a carbon emission program under uncertain environment has not yet been systematically examined in existing related publications, and is the research focus of this work. Demand side management (DSM) is implemented by modeling CSACS and EVs. a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for optimal dispatching considering carbon emission costs is proposed.
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