Abstract
Distributed generation (DG) has increased ever attention in the distribution system from last few years. The main reason for DG in distribution system is increasing electric demand, deregulated power system and congested transmission network, which eventually declines the system performance. There is also increasing pressure of greenhouse gas emissions. For proper utilization of DG, the optimal placement and sizing is of main concern. Because improper DG location and size will increase the losses and decrease the system performance than existing. On the contrary, proper placement will maintain voltage profile, reduce power loss, and increase voltage stability in the distribution system. This paper presents overview of DG, the advances in DG technology and different optimization methods used for optimal placement and sizing problem. The key issues and challenges offered in the development of DG is also presented in this paper.
Highlights
Methods a b c d eFgh Distributed generation (DG) allocation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ -Network restructuring √ - √√√ - √√Capacitor Placement √√√ - - - -√a- loss minimization b- cost saving c- voltage support dDSM e-Protection system f- green power g-load balancing h- reliability “According to IEEE the DG is the source for generation of electricity by facility that are sufficiently smaller than central power station and connected at nearly any point in a power system”[6]
DG placement problem considering voltage stability analysis, author first used model analysis and continuous power flow method to find candidate bus for DG location, an algorithm was carried on IEEE 33 bus radial system by [3]
Author consider the load as IEEE RTS bus and DG as variable PQ buses author used candidate bus by sensitivity analysis with mixed integer nonlinear programming the voltage stability margin has been found
Summary
A- loss minimization b- cost saving c- voltage support dDSM e-Protection system f- green power g-load balancing h- reliability. The distributed generation is the source of electric power connected directly to distribution network or on the customer site of the meter [2]. 2) Non-renewable distributed generation i.e. diesel engine, micro turbine, gas turbine and combine heat and power (CHP) etc.[7, 8]. DG was assumed as active source of power but with recent technology the DGs are available in several types such as 1) injecting active power i.e. Photovoltaic, micro turbine, fuel cell 2) injecting only reactive power i.e. capacitors, DSTATCOM 3) injecting active power and consuming reactive power i.e. induction generator, 4) injecting active and reactive power i.e. synchronous generator [9]. Number of power companies are investing in small scale distributed generation such as in wind turbines, solar photo voltaic cells, micro turbines, small scale hydro and/ or CHP. Germany installed renewable DG in south region is of 6128 MW, Italy represents highest worldwide grid connected DG of 10 GW PV and northwest Ireland has 307 Mw connected as wind DG in distribution system[14]
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