Abstract
Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) using energy storage have gained attention over conventional vehicles using fossil fuels owing to their advantages such as being eco-friendly and reducing the operation cost. In a power system, an EV, which operates through the energy stored in the battery, can be used as a type of load or energy source; hence, an optimal operation of EV clusters in power systems is being extensively studied. This paper proposes an optimal strategy for charging EVs in parking lots. This strategy is based on the model predictive control (MPC) framework due to the uncertainty of loads, renewable energy sources, and EVs, and considers the voltage stability of the distribution systems. EV chargers in the parking lot charge EVs to minimize the charging cost, which results in a sudden increase in charge load at a certain time. As a result, an excessive voltage drop may occur in the power system at that time. Therefore, we need to minimize the charging cost of EVs while preventing an excessive voltage drop in the power system. The parking lot is stochastically modeled to consider EV uncertainty under the MPC framework. In the MPC framework, the charging schedule of an EV charger in the parking lot is optimized by considering both voltage stability and charging cost minimization in real time. The charging constraints on voltage stability are updated through parameters that change in real time, and thus, errors caused by uncertainty can be reduced. Subsequently, this charging strategy is applied to multiple chargers through Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed charging strategy is verified based on MATLAB/Simulink.
Highlights
As a new accord that was adopted in 2015 as a replacement for the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997, the Paris Climate Change Accord has led to the implementation of greenhouse gas reduction targets for all 195 participating countries
This paper proposes an optimal charging strategy for electric vehicles (EVs) considering the voltage stability of the power system by using an model predictive control (MPC)-based framework in the EV parking lot
The EV parking lot is stochastically modeled by considering the uncertain characteristics of the EVs, the voltage limit of the power system is analyzed in real time through the MPC framework, and the optimal charging limit is set to prevent voltage variation
Summary
As a new accord that was adopted in 2015 as a replacement for the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997, the Paris Climate Change Accord has led to the implementation of greenhouse gas reduction targets for all 195 participating countries. It is a charging station operation strategy that considers charging rate optimization of EVs in a parking lot and voltage stability of the power system. Due to the uncertainty of EVs, it is difficult to specify the time at which the voltage drop will occur, and for the aggregator, there is no guarantee that the state of the power system will always be verified when the operating strategy is established When this constraint is used, basically, the operating strategy is set up through charging rate optimization, and can be applied only to the section where the voltage drop is expected to occur, so that the influence of concentrated charging of EVs on the system can be minimized.
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