Optical Rectenna Arrays Using Carbon Nanotubes: From Fundamental Understanding to Next Generation Devices

Abstract

Optical rectennas have emerged as promising devices for high frequency optoelectronic applications such as infrared and optical sensing and energy conversion. We achieve optical rectification using vertical multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays. The CNT nanoantennas absorb electromagnetic waves and ultrafast metal-insulator-metal tunnel diodes fabricated at the CNT tips convert the resulting terahertz AC current into DC electricity. Since the first demonstration in 2015, considerable progress to CNT optical rectennas has been made. The latest generation of CNT rectenna uses an innovative multi-insulator structure to provide exceptional diode properties and enable air stable materials. We applied photon-assisted tunneling theory to model our device’s optical-frequency behavior. Comparing the rectenna model to our optical experiments through a range of wavelengths (404–1064 nm) has yielded a better fundamental understanding that will guide future device design. The model provides strong evidence that the CNT antennas behave as dipole antennas and implicates a 780 THz diode cutoff frequency that reveals room for performance improvement. We report ongoing research developing a novel flexible CNT rectenna device structure. We use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to infiltrate the CNT array and create a mechanically flexible substrate and planarized diode surface. This structure enables transparent, conductive top electrodes with PEDOT:PSS. Our recent efforts greatly enhance the commercial development of efficient, low cost, and application tunable CNT rectennas.