Abstract
Recently, substantial development is observed in the area of Internet of Vehicles owing to the application of wireless communication technologies. Majority of these technologies are based on radio frequency (RF); however, RF spectra are overly congested and regulated, and hence, insufficient to support massive data traffic in the future. In recent times, optical camera communication (OCC) that uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as a transmitter and a camera as a receiver has been deemed an excellent solution for future intelligent transportation systems. As a communication medium, OCC mostly uses visible light, the spectrum of which is vast, completely free, and unregulated. The current outdoor environment is heavily crammed with LED infrastructures, and most vehicles have built-in cameras, rendering OCC immensely promising. OCC is highly secured, supports mobility, and can achieve an excellent bit-error rate. However, the data rate obtained using OCC is not as high as that obtained using other RF-based systems; therefore, its reliability in fast-changing channels is still under research. This review article discusses the applications of the OCC system in vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure (or vice versa) networks; to the best of our knowledge, this is the first extensive review dedicated to the above topic. Herein, we provide a general overview of OCC standardization in IEEE and ISO in recent years. Then, we explain the general principles of OCC, including channel characteristics, region of interest signaling, and modulation schemes particularly considered in vehicular communications. Additionally, we present a comprehensive overview of the effects of mobility, noise, and interference in OCC. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities in OCC are outlined.
Highlights
V EHICULAR communication systems demonstrate immense potential in recent years to improve the efficiency and safety of surface traffic
A new proposal based on localized communication using optical camera communication (OCC) in intelligent transport systems (ITS) was submitted for ISO approval in April 2017, which was approved in midDecember 2017
(6), as shown at the bottom of the page, which represents the channel gain generated by the NLOS link. θiNrrL OS and θiNncL OS denote the angle of irradiance and incidence corresponding to the optical signal radiated at the NLOS path, respectively. θirnecf and θirrerf are the angle of incidence and irradiance considering the reflective surface, respectively. drlef −N L OS and dcr−efN L OS signify the distance between the light source and the reflective surface and that between the reflective surface and the camera, respectively
Summary
V EHICULAR communication systems demonstrate immense potential in recent years to improve the efficiency and safety of surface traffic. High immunity from interference due to the spatial-separation capability of image sensors These attributes are essential for vehicular communication, which makes OCC greatly favorable in comparison to the other OWC technologies. In [49], the authors proposed the deployment of OCC with recognizing traffic signs with the same camera simultaneously Roadside infrastructure, such as traffic or road lights, can transmit data that can be received by image sensors mounted on a vehicle or other infrastructures. The present article provides an extensive technical review of OCC systems considered in on-road applications. It discusses the OCC prototypes standardized in IEEE and ISO.
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