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Abstract
BackgroundEnsuring the right to respectful care for maternal and newborn health, a critical dimension of quality and acceptability, requires meeting standards for Respectful Maternity Care (RMC). Absence of mistreatment does not constitute RMC. Evidence generation to inform definitional standards for RMC is in an early stage. The aim of this systematic review is clear provider-level operationalization of key RMC principles, to facilitate their consistent implementation.MethodsTwo rights-based frameworks define the underlying principles of RMC. A qualitative synthesis of both frameworks resulted in seven fundamental rights during childbirth that form the foundation of RMC. To codify operational definitions for these key elements of RMC at the healthcare provider level, we systematically reviewed peer-reviewed literature, grey literature, white papers, and seminal documents on RMC. We focused on literature describing RMC in the affirmative rather than mistreatment experienced by women during childbirth, and operationalized RMC by describing objective provider-level behaviors.ResultsThrough a systematic review, 514 records (peer-reviewed articles, reports, and guidelines) were assessed to identify operational definitions of RMC grounded in those rights. After screening and review, 54 records were included in the qualitative synthesis and mapped to the seven RMC rights. The majority of articles provided guidance on operationalization of rights to freedom from harm and ill treatment; dignity and respect; information and informed consent; privacy and confidentiality; and timely healthcare. Only a quarter of articles mentioned concrete or affirmative actions to operationalize the right to non-discrimination, equality and equitable care; less than 15%, the right to liberty and freedom from coercion. Provider behaviors mentioned in the literature aligned overall with seven RMC principles; yet the smaller number of available research studies that included operationalized definitions for some key elements of RMC illustrates the nascent stage of evidence-generation in this area.ConclusionsLack of systematic codification, grounded in empirical evidence, of operational definitions for RMC at the provider level has limited the study, design, implementation, and comparative assessment of respectful care. This qualitative systematic review provides a foundation for maternity healthcare professional policy, training, programming, research, and program evaluation aimed at studying and improving RMC at the provider level.
Highlights
Ensuring the right to respectful care for maternal and newborn health, a critical dimension of quality and acceptability, requires meeting standards for Respectful Maternity Care (RMC)
Just because there is no mistreatment does not mean that Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) was given
Given that the objective of this systematic review was to identify categories of RMC and their operational definitions, we focused on literature that described RMC in the affirmative rather than describing the categories of mistreatment experienced by women during childbirth
Summary
Ensuring the right to respectful care for maternal and newborn health, a critical dimension of quality and acceptability, requires meeting standards for Respectful Maternity Care (RMC). Maternal mortality and morbidity are widely recognized as fundamental human rights issues, and women’s right to sexual and reproductive health care—including maternity care—that is available, accessible, acceptable, and of high quality (AAAQ) is a central tenet of the technical guidance issued by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on a “Human rights-based approach to reduce preventable maternal morbidity and mortality.” [1] the guidance states (p.3) that “Ensuring women’s sexual and reproductive health rights requires meeting standards with regard to health facilities, goods and services...” and stipulates that “respectful care for women using health services is a critical dimension of both quality and acceptability.”. Frontline maternity care providers are most often the perpetrators of such mistreatment; in many settings where the majority of care is provided by nurses and midwives, they themselves are subject to disrespectful, untenable conditions and health system deficiencies that, in turn, drive disrespectful behavior and contribute to women’s poor experiences of care [19]
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