Abstract
Idle batteries in the battery swap stations (BSSs) of electric vehicles (EVs) can be used as regulated power sources. Considering the battery swap service and the frequency regulation (FR) service, this paper establishes a model of BSS cluster participating in the FR service and formulates a two-stage operation strategy. The day-ahead strategy arranges the battery charging plan and FR plan with the goal of the optimal operating economy on the next day. The intra-day strategy aims at maximizing the satisfaction degree of battery swap, minimizing the loss of planned revenue and ensuring the coordination of battery swap service and FR service by regulating the charging and discharging status of each battery in real-time. The simulation case shows that, under the prerequisite of gratifying the battery swap demand, the strategy improves the operating economy by making full use of idle batteries which bear a part in the FR service.
Highlights
Compared with charging mode, battery swapping mode of electric vehicles (EVs) has many conveniences [1], but the fundamental causes of unpopularity are its high investment and operating costs and low economic benefits
battery swap stations (BSSs) 3 has the highest daily battery swap income, because the battery swap demand of this station is the Processes 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW highest level on that day; BSS 5 has the least demand for batteries swap and the lowest daily battery swap income, but this station has more idle batteries for the frequency regulation (FR) service and its daily FR yield is the highest, which makes up for the overall profit of this station on that3.day
To increase the operating income of BSSs, a day-ahead and intra-day two-stage strategy for a BSS cluster participating in the FR service is proposed
Summary
Battery swapping mode of electric vehicles (EVs) has many conveniences [1], but the fundamental causes of unpopularity are its high investment and operating costs and low economic benefits. The above-mentioned research papers only focused on the internal optimization of the service network of BSSs and did not fully consider and utilize the external environment of BSSs. The authors of [10] used reasonable control and scheduling to provide battery charging and swapping stations as active power stations to provide peak-shaving service for the power grid, whereas [11] aggregated the battery fast-charging station, BSS and energy storage system in the micro-grid into a whole and proposed a multi-time scale optimization operation strategy. The unified model of BSS cluster participating in the FR service is designed and established, which clearly describes the multi-time scale behavior of BSSs. The key items that determine the economic effect are systematically given, including battery degradation costs, power purchase costs, FR service income and battery swap service income. Under the model of a BSS cluster participating in the FR service, the costs borne and benefits obtained by BSS operators are analyzed and the model of a BSS benefits obtained by BSS operators are analyzed and the model of a BSS cluster participating in the FR service is established
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