Abstract

Abstract A two-stage membrane-based system was developed and designed to recycle washwaters generated aboard spacrcraft. The first stage is a fouling-resistant tube-side-feed hollow-fiber ultrafiltration module; the second stage is a spiral-wound reverse-osmosis module. Throughout a 10-week test at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Johnson Space Center, the system consistently produced high-quality permeate, processing actual washwater to 95% recovery.

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