Open burning of rice, corn and wheat straws: primary emissions, photochemical aging, and secondary organic aerosol formation

Zheng Fang,Mingjin Tang,Ming Zhu,Yele Sun,Christian George,Xinhui Bi,Xinming Wang,Wei Song,Jianmin Chen,Weiqiang Yang,Yanli Zhang,Wei Deng,Qihou Hu,Zhaoyi Wang,Tengyu Liu,Zhonghui Huang,Xiang Ding

doi:10.5194/acp-17-14821-2017

Abstract

Abstract. Agricultural residues are among the most abundant biomass burned globally, especially in China. However, there is little information on primary emissions and photochemical evolution of agricultural residue burning. In this study, indoor chamber experiments were conducted to investigate primary emissions from open burning of rice, corn and wheat straws and their photochemical aging as well. Emission factors of NOx, NH3, SO2, 67 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), particulate matter (PM), organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon (BC) under ambient dilution conditions were determined. Olefins accounted for > 50 % of the total speciated NMHCs emission (2.47 to 5.04 g kg−1), indicating high ozone formation potential of straw burning emissions. Emission factors of PM (3.73 to 6.36 g kg−1) and primary organic carbon (POC, 2.05 to 4.11 gC kg−1), measured at dilution ratios of 1300 to 4000, were lower than those reported in previous studies at low dilution ratios, probably due to the evaporation of semi-volatile organic compounds under high dilution conditions. After photochemical aging with an OH exposure range of (1.97–4.97) × 1010 molecule cm−3 s in the chamber, large amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were produced with OA mass enhancement ratios (the mass ratio of total OA to primary OA) of 2.4–7.6. The 20 known precursors could only explain 5.0–27.3 % of the observed SOA mass, suggesting that the major precursors of SOA formed from open straw burning remain unidentified. Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) signaled that the aged OA contained less hydrocarbons but more oxygen- and nitrogen-containing compounds than primary OA, and carbon oxidation state (OSc) calculated with AMS resolved O ∕ C and H ∕ C ratios increased linearly (p < 0.001) with OH exposure with quite similar slopes.

Highlights

On the global scale, biomass burning (BB) is the main source of primary organic carbon (OC) (Bond et al, 2004; Huang et al, 2015), black carbon (BC) (Bond et al, 2013; Cheng et al, 2016), and brown carbon (BrC) (Laskin et al, 2015)
It is worth noting that major compounds in the three groups were all negatively correlated with the modified combustion efficiency (Fig. S2), suggesting that more efficient combustion would reduce their emissions
Emission factors of NOx, NH3, SO2, 67 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), particulate matter (PM) and particle number were measured under dilution ratios ranging from 1300 to 4000

Summary

Introduction

Biomass burning (BB) is the main source of primary organic carbon (OC) (Bond et al, 2004; Huang et al, 2015), black carbon (BC) (Bond et al, 2013; Cheng et al, 2016), and brown carbon (BrC) (Laskin et al, 2015). It is the second largest source of non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) in the atmosphere (Yokelson et al, 2008; Stockwell et al, 2014). Atmospheric aging of biomass burning plumes produces substantial secondary pollutants. Fang et al.: Open burning of rice, corn and wheat straws

Methods

Results

Conclusion