Online biological sample preparation with restricted access hybrid carbon nanotubes for determination of anti-smoking drugs

Abstract

Untreated samples were injected directly into a column switching system, an online SPE technique, using an extraction column packed with restricted access hybrid carbon nanotubes (RAHCNTs), a novel type of restricted access material, in an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, coupled to a mass spectrometer (UHPLC–MS/MS). The synthesis of used restricted access material was relatively simple, quick, and reproducible, and had a high material yield. Compared to its predecessor, which is covered with bovine serum albumin (Restricted Access Carbon Nanotubes-RACNTs), RAHCNTs have improved performance when used for the analysis of organic compounds. These molecules have a greater adsorption capacity due to the insertion of hydrophilic monomers (tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS), glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA), and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)) in the external layer. In addition, the formation of the hybrid material provides greater chemical and thermal stability, supporting wide pH and temperature ranges, and high concentrations of acidic and basic solutions. It also supports high proportions of organic solvents in the medium. Another significant advantage of the material is its longer lifetime, as it can be reused for approximately 500 analytical cycles without any loss of efficiency, versus 300 for RACNTs. In the method developed to determine anti-smoking drugs (varenicline and bupropion) simultaneously, as well as nicotine and some of their metabolites in human blood serum, the RAHCNTs were capable of retaining the analytes efficiently, whereas the macromolecules were excluded (almost 100%). The method was linear for all the determined analytes (coefficients of determination higher than 0.99), with limits of detection and quantification ranging from 0.6 to 2.5 µg L−1 and from 1.0 to 5.0 µg L−1, respectively. High extraction recovery values were obtained (higher than 88%), as well as inter and intra-assay accuracy and precision results that are in accordance with values recommended by the FDA. The method is promising for therapeutic monitoring and new personalized strategies for patients under antismoking treatment, using a small sample volume (100 µL). In addition, RAHCNTs are capable of simultaneously extracting analytes with very different physical-chemical characteristics.