One-year weekly survey of noroviruses and enteric adenoviruses in the Tone River water in Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan

Abstract

To investigate the actual fluctuations in the concentrations of noroviruses (NoVs) GI and GII, and enteric adenoviruses (EAdVs) in river water and its relationship with the number of acute infectious gastroenteritis patients, one-year weekly quantitative monitoring of NoVs GI and GII and EAdVs was performed in the Tone River in Japan where the surface water is utilized for the main production of drinking water for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area from October 2009 to September 2010. Noroviruses GI and GII and EAdVs were detected in 28 (54%), 33 (63%), and 23 (44%) of the 52 samples (1 L each), respectively. The concentrations of NoVs GI and GII and EAdVs fluctuated strongly and were more abundant in winter and early spring. The concentration of NoVs GI was transiently greater than 10,000 copies/L. The number of acute infectious gastroenteritis patients in the upper river basin was highly correlated with all the viral concentrations, while general microbial indicator data such as turbidity and heterotrophic plate count were independent of viral concentration as suggested in previous studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that clearly shows the strong correlation of the number of gastroenteritis with virus contamination in lower river basin.