Abstract
A simple and straightforward method using microwave-assisted reactions is presented for the functionalization of graphene oxide with aromatic and non-aromatic amines, notedly dibenzylamine (DBA), p-phenylenediamine (PPD), diisopropylamine (DPA) and piperidine (PA). The as-synthesized amine-functionalized graphene oxide materials (amine-GO) were characterized using spectroscopic techniques including XRD, FTIR, 13C NMR, XPS, TEM for imaging and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The characterization confirmed the functionalization for all amines, reaching relatively high surface nitrogen atomic concentrations of up to 8.8%. The investigations of electrochemical behavior for the amine-GOs show the significant improvement in GO's electrochemical properties through amine functionalization, exhibiting long life cycle stability and reaching specific capacitance values of up to 290 F g−1 and 260 F g−1 for GO-PA and GO-DPA samples, respectively, confirming their potential application as alternative supporting materials in supercapacitors.
Highlights
The rapid development of the electronics industry and growing concerns about environmental issues has led to the research and development of materials for energy storage devices with high efficiency and performance
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern is a very important tool to study the changes in the inter-sheet gap of Graphene oxide (GO) materials.[39]
For natural graphite the main peak is located at 2q 1⁄4 26 and the shi of this peak to 2q 1⁄4 12.8 occurs due to the expansion in the interlayer separation caused by the introduction of functional groups and the intercalation of water molecules between the graphene-like layers a er oxidation.[40,41]
Summary
The rapid development of the electronics industry and growing concerns about environmental issues has led to the research and development of materials for energy storage devices with high efficiency and performance In this context, supercapacitors, which consist of intermediate systems between conventional (or dielectric) capacitors and batteries, are the best candidates due to their high energy storage capacity, low maintenance costs, fast charge–discharge processes and long cycle life.[1] Generally, supercapacitors are classi ed into two types, according to the energy storage mechanism: pseudocapacitors and electric double-layer capacitors. Amine types have been applied for reinforcement of epoxy resins,[22] selective dye adsorption,[23] polymer composites,[24,25] carbon dioxide capture,[26,27] electrochemical detectors[28] and catalysis,[29,30] among many others In this context, the microwave technique has been shown to be very advantageous for functionalization of carbon nanostructures. Four different amines (p-phenylenediamine, dibenzylamine, diisopropylamine and piperidine) have been applied in a one-pot synthesis of amine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide, using a microwave-assisted route, and their electrochemical performance was investigated
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