Abstract
Vulvar cancer is a rare neoplasm. Risk factors for the development of vulvar cancer include advanced age, human papillomavirus infection leading to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, smoking, inflammatory conditions affecting the vulva, immunodeficiencies such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, and the presence of well-differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) in patients from 65 to 70 years. VIN may be asymptomatic or present with a mixed variety of symptoms, including itching, discomfort, burning, pain during sexual intercourse, and whitish spots over the vulva. The most common histologic subtype is squamous cell carcinoma. The 5-year survival is 86 % for early clinical stages (CS) I-II, 53 % for locally advanced CS III-IVA, and 19 % for metastatic disease CS IVB. The classic treatment for high-grade VIN is surgical excision and, in the case of multifocal lesions, vulvectomy. Treatment is predominantly surgical in the early stages.
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