Onchocerca lienalis: Rapid Clearance of Microfilariae Within the Black Fly, Simulium vittatum

Abstract

A rapid decrease of about a third of the number of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae (mf) parenterally inoculated into Simulium vittatum black flies occurred within 5 hr postinoculation (pi). The change of mf counts over time was modeled by a segmented linear regression. During 2 hr pi the slope was −3.5 mf/hr (P ≤ 0.001) and between 2 and 24 hr pi the slope was −0.1 mf/hr. Although significantly different from the former slope (P < 0.001), the latter was not significantly different from zero (P > 0.2). The decrease could not be attributed to excretion of mf. Microfilariae (especially those heat-killed prior to inoculation) in intermediate stages of destruction were observed in flies dissected 5 hr pi but not immediately after injection. No short- or long-term (24 hr pi) effects of the injection procedure alone on mf survival were evident. A constant proportion of mf was eliminated regardless of dose within a range of 5 to 100 mf/fly during 24 hr pi. However, a second injection of 50 mf/fly 2.5 hr following an injection of the same dose resulted in a significantly lower proportion of mf eliminated. These results suggest that the availability of an active factor(s) in the fly was reduced 2.5 hr after the first inoculation. The change in the availability of this factor(s) may partly explain the change in clearance rate occurring 2 hr pi. Soluble factor(s), rather than a sequence of cellular responses, seems to be involved in the rapid clearance because it occurred in freshly killed flies at a similar rate to that observed in live flies. The hypothesis that mf differ in their innate susceptibility to rapid clearance was rejected as mf that were recovered 2 hr pi and reinoculated into other flies were eliminated faster than unexposed controls. It is concluded that the rapid clearance of mf represents an as yet undescribed immune response to macroparasites of the fly host.