Abstract

Abstract

Highlights

  • Kundt’s tube is arguably one of the best-known experimental devices in acoustics, nowadays used worldwide in the physics educational curriculum (Jaafar et al 2016; Papacosta & Linscheid 2016; Bates 2017)

  • The distance between the groups of particles that, over time, gather at the nodes of vibration is measured. This distance corresponds to one-half of the acoustic wavelength λ

  • At the start of the 21st century, physically similar phenomena emerged in the context of microfluidic devices for manipulation of cells and particles with ultrasonic waves

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Summary

Introduction

Kundt’s tube is arguably one of the best-known experimental devices in acoustics, nowadays used worldwide in the physics educational curriculum (Jaafar et al 2016; Papacosta & Linscheid 2016; Bates 2017). Rayleigh (1884) assumed the viscous boundary layer thickness to be small and the acoustic wavelength to be large, both relative to the tube diameter. This restricts the applicability of his formulation to low-viscosity fluids and middle-range frequency excitations. The solution of Schuster & Matz (1940), very convenient, relies on many assumptions: the viscous boundary layer is assumed small compared to the tube radius; the acoustic wavelength is assumed large with respect to the tube radius; the wave is assumed undamped along the tube axis. The impact of different assumptions on the streaming with respect to the increasing viscous boundary layer thickness relative to the tube diameter is investigated

Problem statement and assumptions
Fluid motion at the first order
Dispersion relation and the unknown constants at the first order
First-order velocity field
Constants in terms of the pressure amplitude
Streaming velocity
Streaming analysis
Definitions
The evolution of streaming patterns
Effect of the acoustic wavelength on the streaming
Contribution of the compressibility of the streaming flow
Contribution of individual streaming source terms
Findings
Conclusions
Full Text
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