Abstract
The modular multilevel converters (MMCs) have become an attractive topology in recent years. The MMC has been employed in several applications as HVdc, energy storage, renewable energy, electrical drives, and static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). One advantage of MMC-based topologies is the inherited fault-tolerant operation associated with the high number of submodules (SMs). This work proposes the study of four redundancy strategies, which can be employed in modular multilevel converters: standard redundancy, redundancy strategy based on additional submodules (RAS), redundancy strategy based on additional submodules optimized (RASO), and redundancy strategy based on spare submodules. These strategies are compared through a case study of a 15 MVA MMC STATCOM. A new approach for the SM capacitance design is proposed, including the effect of the negative sequence current in the converter storage energy variations. The comparisons of the redundancy strategies are accomplished based on dynamic behavior, capacitor voltage balancing, control complexity, and power losses. Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of each redundancy strategy are presented.
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