Abstract
The attenuation due to shallow wind-generated bubbles is reviewed for oceanic sound propagation at low-kHz frequencies. One contribution comes from the near-resonant bubbles, where the effect of the damping is discussed. Another contribution comes from the thermal losses in the mass of small bubbles near the peak in the bubble size spectrum. Both are greatly affected by the surface decoupling or Lloyds mirror phenomenon. Second-order effects such as refraction and saturation can be important, but tend to be controlled by the surface decoupling. Mutual interference effects should also be considered more generally and should really be combined in a theory incorporating surface roughness. Experimentally, the bubble attenuation is difficult to disentangle from surface-wave scattering and also from fish attenuation; in fact, it is suggested that the bubble effect is the least certain of the three.
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