Abstract
The accuracy evaluation of instrument transformers is always a key task when proper control and management of the power network is required. In particular, accuracy becomes a critical aspect when the grid or the instrumentation itself is operating at conditions different from the rated ones. However, before focusing on the above non-rated conditions, it is important to fully understand the instrument transformer behavior at rated conditions. To this end, this work analyzed the accuracy behavior of legacy, inductive, and low-power voltage transformers over long periods of time. The aim was to find patterns and correlations that may be of help during the modelling or the output prediction of voltage transformers. From the results, the main differences between low-power and inductive voltage transformers were pointed out and described in detail.
Highlights
The ambitious goal of a fully decarbonized European energy supply planned for 2050 [1] requires that all involved actors work synergistically in that direction
The two quantities are differentiated by using blue for ε and orange for temperature
After introducing various voltage transformers and their properties, a measurement setup was introduced. This setup was used to assess the accuracy of three off-the-shelf voltage transformers during a 12-day period
Summary
The ambitious goal of a fully decarbonized European energy supply planned for 2050 [1] requires that all involved actors work synergistically in that direction. In terms of technological development over the years, ITs can be distinguished into two categories: the legacy inductive ITs and the new generation of low-power ITs (LPITs), referred to as non-conventional instrument transformers This latter kind of transformer features smaller dimensions and weight, ease of installation in harsh environments, and larger bandwidth compared with the legacy ones. As the name implies, the LPIT’s output is typically one or two orders of magnitude lower (fewer volts, fewer milliamperes) than the output of an inductive IT All these characteristics are encouraging the diffusion of LPITs in the distribution network; the low economic availability of distribution system operators (DSOs) to invest in meshed networks and a large portion of networks, like the medium- and low-voltage ones, makes the legacy IT a very common and reliable device that is worth being studied and deployed in the field. IEC 61869-1 [31] and
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