On the issue of assessing the value of agricultural land in the region based on its economic potential

Purpose. The main purpose of the research is to substantiate the methodological approach of defuzzification and to define its peculiarities in the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands.
 Methodology / approach. The research purpose included the use of a set of appropriate methods. In particular, the fuzzy logic techniques formed the basis of the research. The system approach was used in order to determine the role of land resources in the enterprise potential and the corresponding spheres of their management. The analysis and synthesis methods were used in the process of definition of impact factors of land resources value. The cartographic method was used for the needs of graphical display of humus content in the land plots of the analyzed enterprise. The generalization method was used in the process of forming conclusions.
 Results. The article defines the peculiarities of defuzzification in the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands. The results provided the methodological basis for considering the qualitative metrics in the process of estimation as well as for granting the numerical interpretation for linguistic variables. The corresponding methodology was overviewed at the example of land plot size. The quantitative reference limits for “small”, “medium” and “large” land plots were defined. Research results made it possible to form the sequence of stages, which are to be undertaken, in order to provide numerical values for qualitative characteristics of agricultural lands. A decision tree was built for the needs of formation of management decisions. According to the data of researched enterprise, the dependence of the value of agricultural lands (for the needs of management accounting) on the size of the land plot and the humus content was determined.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The article improves the methodological approach to determining the value of agricultural lands as of an element of enterprise potential based on the use of fuzzy logic techniques, which, in contrast to existing approaches, allows taking into account both quantitative and qualitative factors in the process of estimating the value of land resources for the needs of their management. Applying the respective approach increases the level of accuracy, relevance, and adequacy to market realities of the results of estimating the value of agricultural lands for the needs of their management.
 Practical value / implications. The results of the research provided an opportunity to improve the quality and efficiency of the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands. The corresponding process is characterized by a high level of complexity and uncertainty due to the presence of a significant number of qualitative factors influencing the value of the land resources. The approach considered in the article makes it possible to take into account the influence of relevant qualitative factors by giving them numerical certainty through the use of fuzzy logic techniques. The proposed approach will provide an opportunity to increase the accuracy and relevance of estimating the value of land resources as of an element of enterprise potential for the making of corresponding managerial decisions. The proposed methodological approach was implemented with the use of data of agricultural enterprise, which made it possible to take into account linguistic variables (land plot size and chemical properties of the soil) when forming the managerial decisions about land plots. The decision tree was also formed, which serves as a means of supporting management decisions in the process of forming the value of agricultural lands.

This research aims to identify (1) the difference in the value of agricultural land before and after becoming the Manado-Bitung toll road and (2) describe the social and economic changes of landowners in tumaluntung village. The study was conducted on the object of the constructions of the Manado-Bitung toll road in the village of Tumaluntung. The time of the study from august to November 2017 and continued in May until June 2019. The method used in this research is descriptive method presented in tabular form. Determination of the sample using the (purposive sampling) method. Primary data used in this study were obtained through interviews with 15 landowners. The secondary data obtained from the Tumaluntung village office, internet through google scholar to get articles from various scientific journals and theses from other tertiary institutions related to the topic of research on the value of agricultural land. The results of the study show that (1) the value of agricultural land before becoming the Manado-Bitung toll road is higher than the value of land after the toll road has been built. (2) improve social status (making current landowners better at meeting needs because land compensation money is used by landowners to be deposited into bank as investment capital such as boarding houses, bakeries, livestock business chiken, showroom, restaurant cars for purchasing capital for cars used for transportation service..*eprm*

The developed, innovative method of estimating the impact of motorway on agricultural land allows determination of all the losses associated with the directions of this impact. The basis for the determination of losses is the analysis of variability in land use and the quality classes and location of access roads to the land along the axis of the planned motorway. The approved measure of the multidirectional impact of the motorway on agricultural land is a change in the value of land, which is designated taking into account the differentiation of their suitability for agricultural production. The developed method of determining the impact of motorway on agricultural land was presented on the example of A4 motorway section between Bratkowice and Mrowla. The existing section of motorway was assessed and then for the same section the calculations were made again, but with an alternative location of the motorway overpasses. In the case of the existing section, the construction of one kilometer of the section of motorway under consideration will result in a reduction in the value of agricultural land of 1725 cereal units. Acquisition of land for the construction of the motorway and its negative impact cover about 69% of the total reduction in value of agricultural land. The remaining 31% of the land value reduction is related to the increase in transport and the deterioration of the parcels layout. On the other hand, in the case of the section with alternative arrangement of viaducts, the value of agricultural land is reduced of 1538 cereal units. Acquisition of land under construction and its toxic impact will be equal 75%, while the combined effect of transport growth and deterioration of the layout makes 25%.

The developed, innovative method of estimating the impact of motorway on agricultural land allows determination of all the losses associated with the directions of this impact. The basis for the determination of losses is the analysis of variability in land use and the quality classes and location of access roads to the land along the axis of the planned motorway. The approved measure of the multidirectional impact of the motorway on agricultural land is a change in the value of land, which is determined with taking into account the differences of their suitability for agricultural production. The developed method of determining the impact of motorway on agricultural land was presented on the example of A4 motorway section between Jaźwiny and Góra Motyczna. The existing section of motorway was assessed and then for the same section, the calculations were made again, but with an alternative location of the motorway overpasses (flyovers). In the case of the existing section, the construction of one kilometer of the section of motorway under consideration will result in a reduction in the value of agricultural land of 2119 cereal units. Acquisition of land for the construction of the motorway and its negative impact cover about 78% of the total reduction in value of agricultural land. The remaining 22% of the land value reduction is related to the increase in transport and the deterioration of the plots layout. On the other hand, in the case of the section with alternative arrangement of overpasses, the value of agricultural land is reduced of 2088 cereal units. Acquisition of land under construction and under motorway’s toxic impact will be equal 79%, while the combined effect of transport growth and deterioration of the layout makes 21%.

The present paper is devoted to methodological features of determining the cadastral value of agricultural land plots in large regions of the Russian Federation. The study applied methods of comparative, expert, analytical, information-statistical and graphical analysis of data provided by the Ministry of Economic Development, the Federal State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography Service (Rosreestr), the Ministry of Finance, the Federal Tax Service, the Federal State Statistics Service, local government reports on socio-economic development, as well as statistical collections. The transition of Russian economy to market princi-ples required an accelerated transformation of all socio-economic areas, including that of land relations. Un-der market conditions, the role of cadastral valuation of agricultural land plots as an important tool for regu-lating land property relations and its impact on the efficiency of land use has increased. In modern Russia, the institute of state cadastral valuation has been developing for more than 20 years. This period was char-acterised by methodological errors and miscalculations, which hinder the development of the state cadastral land valuation. In this article, we analyse the methodological approaches and principles of mass (cadastral) valuation of agricultural land, including their evolution to in-site state cadastral valuation of agricultural land. An analysis of the regulatory and methodological support of the current cadastral valuation of agricultural land plots was carried out.

The paper studies the peculiarities of changes in the value of land resources in the conditions of ensuring food security of Ukraine. It has been established that the land market is recognized as one of the key components of the agricultural sector and plays an integral role in the formation of the country's food security. It was found that the highest prices for arable land and perennial crops are observed in Kyiv region, hayfields and pastures in Kharkiv region, and pastures in Cherkasy region. It was established that as a result of Russia's full-scale aggression against Ukraine, it was not possible to conclude more than 102 thousand agreements on the purchase and sale of agricultural land on a total area of 282 thousand hectares, with a total cost of UAH 11.5 billion. It was found that the highest activity of purchase and sale of agricultural land is observed primarily in the central regions of Ukraine, where the share of agricultural land in circulation exceeds 1%. It was established that the average price for 1 hectare of land in February 2022 was UAH 33,429 per hectare, and according to the results of May 2022, when deals on the land market began to be concluded again, the price was fixed at the level of UAH 37.4 until August 2022 showed positive dynamics, reaching UAH 43.9 thousand, and in September 2023, the average price was UAH 41,316 per hectare. It is established that the value of agricultural land is gradually increasing, where in 2023 the average price reached 35.4 thousand hryvnias per hectare, which is 13.5% higher than in 2022 and almost 22% higher than in 2021. It was found that the highest land prices are observed in Kyiv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv regions. It was established that the market capitalization fell, that is, in December 2021, purchase and sale agreements were concluded for 936 million UAH, in August 2022 - for 74.2 million UAH, and in July 2023, we observe positive dynamics of market recovery - agreements were concluded sales by UAH 596.9 million, in August by UAH 611 million and in September by UAH 636 million.

Purpose of this research is to improve the methods of valuation of agricultural land. Today, the moratorium on the purchase and sale of agricultural land has been lifted and sale of agricultural land is increasingly raised and therefore the problem of establishing an objective (market) price for agricultural land is relevant, because increasing the level of their use is an objective necessity and condition for the gradual development of society [Hubar Yu., 2020]. Methodology. A significant contribution to the study of the theory and methods of land valuation was made by A. S. Danilenko, Yu. F. Dekhtyarenko, Yu. P. Hubar, A. G. Martin, M. G. Stupen, A. M. Tretyak, G. V. Cherevko. Instead, the formation and improvement of methodological bases for the monetary valuation of agricultural land paid attention to G. D. Gutsulyk, D. S. Dobriak, О. S. Dorosh, O. F. Kovalishin. Emphasis was placed on the shortcomings of the economic assessment conducted in the Soviet period I. K. Bystryakov, S. I. Doroguntsov, Hubar Yu. P., A. M. Tretyak, M. A. Hvesyk and others. However, despite the considerable amount of scientific research in which the land was considered a means of production, tools and objects of labor (which in the current environment is insufficient), little studied and debatable are the value of land as a whole system with all its properties. This is due to the fact that agricultural land is mostly assessed differently according to the available dominant indicators (yield, value of gross output). This does not build a hierarchy on the importance of other indicators. The complexity and versatility of the problem of land valuation require the continuation and deepening of scientific research in this area. Results. The study is based on the general principles of economic and mathematical modeling, mathematical statistics, econometrics, basic and applied research. The information base of the research consisted of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of real estate appraisal, land and city cadastres, statistics, ecology. The issue of land pricing is complex and multifaceted, the development of the land market depends on its solution. Therefore, further research should be aimed at improving the valuation of agricultural land. This process should be based on state service, taking into account the economic and political situation. This will ensure after the lifting of the moratorium on the disposal of agricultural land, the creation of a competitive environment in the land market, the objectivity of the assessment and increase the flow of funds to the state budget. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The performed researches will allow to improve the quality of determining the market value of agricultural lands for further development of land reform in Ukraine. The most important results of the study are: generalization of scientific provisions for the implementation of land valuation works and methodological approaches to determining the value of agricultural land; highlighting the disadvantages and advantages of modern methods of agricultural land valuation; proving the importance of taking into account environmental factors in the assessment of land arising from the activities of agricultural production; substantiation of the need to assess land plots with a set of physical properties of soils and spatial conditions of their implementation; development of methods for assessing the normative yield of grain crops on the basis of dynamic and statistical simulation modeling and software for its spatial implementation. It is established that the use of market-based prices will allow to make informed management decisions during the implementation of land reform in Ukraine. Individuals and legal entities on the basis of the proposed developments will be able to assess the investment attractiveness of agricultural land.

Hedonic modeling is commonly used in land and property value estimations in an attempt to identify the impact that various attributes have on the market value of that property. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors contributing to land value of agricultural, forest, and residential properties in Yamhill County, as part of the Spatial Ecosystem Services Analysis, Modeling, and Evaluation (SESAME, http://www.pdx.edu/ecosystem-services/) project. This paper discusses the process and preliminary results of the development of hedonic models that will be utilized for predicting land value changes under future land conversion scenarios. Applying the models to future scenarios will provide insight into the effect that land conversion will have on market value of land in Yamhill County, in order to elucidate one component of the total land value in the area. Numerous studies have performed hedonic modeling in order to provide greater understanding of the non-market ecosystem service values that are contributing to land values, and it is necessary to have baseline information on the value of environmental attributes in order to identify potential policy and planning activities that can preserve these values. Current methods for assessing the value of non-market ecosystem services are mostly in development stages, with few widely-accepted approaches. Utilizing hedonic modeling and other revealed preference techniques may provide valuable insight into the contribution of nonmarket goods and services, in order to ensure they are adequately accounted for in planning and management decisions. UNDERSTANDING THE DRIVERS OF LAND VALUE ii

Land resources have been identified as the basis for the development of Ukraine’s economy and positioning itself in the world market. The role of sound fiscal policy for the functioning and development of the agar sector of the country is determined. The concept of monetary valuation of agricultural land, legislative regulation and methodological basis for its conduct are analyzed. The structure of agricultural lands in the context of lands has been investigated. Most of the territory of Ukraine occupies agricultural land, according to the State Service of Ukraine for Geodesy, Cartography & Cadatsre they make up 49% of all land in Ukraine. Most agricultural lands are arable (fallow) — 79% of the total agricultural land, these lands play a significant role in the Ukrainian economy, as they are the food base for agricultural production. The information base of the regulatory monetary valuation of agricultural lands has been determined. The problems of determining the normative value of agricultural land have been identified. The statutory monetary valuation of land is now the basis for the calculation and payment of tax 4 groups, which are the majority of producers in Ukraine and the rent for the use of agricultural land. The results of the regulatory monetary valuation of land are the basis for the formation of the starting price of the right to lease on agricultural land of state and communal ownership. The state of the normative monetary valuation of agricultural lands and agricultural land is analyzed. The problems of the normative monetary valuation with information support were singled out, the creation of a single portal for the normative monetary valuation of agricultural lands is a significant step to ensure the information base of land valuation, as well as to facilitate access to information on the normative value of land.

The method of estimating the impact of the motorway on agricultural land presented in this study allows to determine all losses related to the directions of this impact. The simplified method of assessing the motorway’s impact on agricultural land is presented on the example of the A4 motorway section running through the villages of Wolica Piaskowa and Czarna Sędziszowska with a length of about 6.364 km. These are areas located in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The construction of one kilometer of the motorway section under consideration will result in a reduction in the value of agricultural land amounting to 867 cereal units. Taking over the land for the motorway construction and its negative impact covers about 76% of the total loss of value of agricultural land. The remaining 24% of the loss in value of land is related to the increase in transport and the deterioration of the plots layout.

The need for water and its impacts on agriculture and food security are growing concerns around the world and Costa Rica is no exception. In this context, the valuation of lands in light of the availability of irrigation water and other external variables has been used by different authors around the world. The objective of this research was to estimate the change in the value of the land associated with the improvement in the hydrological quality in the farms benefited from the irrigation programs in the Guanacaste region. To estimate this change, he used the hedonic pricing method (HPM) applied to a final sample of 90 references for the sale of properties available in the DRAT and its surroundings, in the period 2018-2019. The results of the adjusted model indicate that the availability of water for production and consumption in the study area can increase the value of the land by up to 10%. Other variables comply positively with the characteristics sought by real estate companies and owners such as, proximity to the population center, accessible roads, land use. Finally, the size of the farm has an inverse behavior when relating the price per square meter. The model used turned out to be a viable tool for identifying the variables that determine the value of land in areas destined mainly for agricultural and livestock production in the study area.

Introduction. Prior to Ukraine's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), the scope and directions of financial support for agricultural producers were determined by the priorities of the state agrarian policy and the financial capabilities of the state budget. The terms of membership in the WTO make it urgent to consider the issue of reducing the level of taxation for agriculture in the aspect of basic agreements, principles, and rules of the international organization. Methods. The following methods of understanding economic phenomena and processes were used to solve the problems: epistemological analysis (convention analysis), theoretical generalization, synthesis, induction and deduction, structural and logical analysis, comparison. The results. On the basis of the generalization of the world experience regarding the taxation of the activities of agricultural producers, measures are proposed for the fiscal stimulation of subjects of entrepreneurial activity in the field of agrarian business, that as one of the tools for reproducing the potential fertility of agricultural land, we are considering the use of adjustment coefficients when calculating the land tax and the tax of the 4th group of payers. For this purpose, it is expedient to develop a system of correction coefficients when calculating the value of agricultural land, for which it is necessary to carry out (every 5 years) agrochemical certification of land as a component of the agricultural census. As a basis for the calculation of the correction coefficient, it is advisable to take the value of agricultural land at the beginning and end of the reporting period and multiply it by the value of the normative monetary assessment in the region, on the basis of which the value of the land will be determined, which will serve as the basis for calculating land tax and rent. It is advisable to predict the effect of this indicator for a five-year period. Discussion. Financing of the country's post-war reconstruction will be carried out at the expense of agribusiness entities operating without state support. In this regard, it is necessary to use the foreign experience of stimulating tax influence on their activities, especially small agricultural enterprises, in particular, the extension of the simplified taxation system. Keywords: taxes, ecology, agricultural producers, food security, food quality.

Land is a unique and irreplaceable natural resource. Therefore, it is always in the center of interests of the state. Purpose - methods of normative-legal regulation of pricing in the land legislation of Kazakhstan are investigated, factors determining the mechanism and cost of the right to use agricultural land are systematized, new approaches to their assessment are shown. Methods - monographic was used in the study of the current state of the land fund, detection of shortcomings, ranking of world experience in establishing the cadastral value of land, statistical-economic and analytical - to obtain the necessary information, abstract-logical, on the basis of which proposals and recommendations were developed. Results - the measures to control the estimated value of agricultural land have been substantiated. Potential threats leading to the loss of land use rights were identified. Conclusions - prices for land plots in the republic started to be formed since 2003, after the transition to private ownership. A number of legislative documents were adopted to involve them in the market turnover. The Land Code is assigned to immovable property and is under state registration. Initially, the payment for agricultural land was formed on the primary market, the state regulated the rates. For 21 years, the prime rates for land have not changed. During cadastral valuation it is necessary to recalculate the prime rate and take into account socio-economic, riscoecological, climatic conditions. This, in turn, requires improvement of agricultural land rates, assessment indices. Since the Republic of Kazakhstan has switched to a digital format of keeping the land cadastre, it is necessary to compile a map of prices of land plots cost in the context of regions and conduct their continuous monitoring.

In the current conditions of development of the country’s market economy, the methodological support for cadastral land valuation requires effective modernization and improvement of the existing mechanisms for determining cadastral value for a fair distribution of land tax among landowners. In this regard, the aim of the study was to develop a methodology for taking into account the qualitative state of soils in the cadastral valuation of agricultural lands in the conditions of an active land market, as well as to modernize the method for taking into account the quality of soils within the framework of the income approach in the conditions of a depressed land market. The study was conducted based on a set of scientific methods: the analytical method was used to conduct an analysis of the scientific review of the problem area and to substantiate the relevance of the study, a cycle of laboratory experiments was conducted using mechanical and chemical analyses, the construction of thematic maps was carried out using the dispersion method, the regression modeling method was used to determine the cadastral value of garden plots, and the land rent capitalization method was used to calculate the cadastral value of agricultural land. Research results were as follows: Methodological recommendations were provided for taking into account the quality of soils in the form of an integral indicator of physical and chemical properties in the model for calculating the specific indicator of cadastral value (SICV) of garden and vegetable lands in the conditions of an active land market. The method of accounting for the qualitative state of soil fertility in the form of a weighted quality score of an agricultural land plot was modernized when determining the specific gross income within the framework of the land rent capitalization method used to calculate the SICV. Based on field work and laboratory experiments, current indicators of soil fertility status were obtained, and soil quality scores for Saint Petersburg were calculated. The possibility of using an integral indicator (soil quality score) as a cost factor instead of a large number of fertility status indicators was proven. Also, models for calculating the SICV of garden and vegetable plots were built for the conditions of an active land market, according to which the cadastral value of land plots in Saint Petersburg was calculated for subsequent land taxation. For agricultural lands, using the example of a land plot of a high-commodity agricultural enterprise (Leningrad Region), the cadastral value was also calculated using the proposed income approach method. The scientific significance of the study lies in the improvement of the methodological foundations of cadastral valuation, as well as the technology of taking into account the quality of soils when calculating the cadastral value. The practical significance of the study lies in the applicability of the results of soil quality assessment and models for calculating the SICV for land taxation; individual market valuation for lending, purchase, and sale; lease of agricultural land; and allocation of land plots on account of a land share. In the area of developing a set of melioration measures on agricultural lands, including the development and implementation of agricultural technologies and technical means to improve soil fertility, the results of laboratory studies to determine the physical and chemical properties of soils can be used. The obtained soil quality scores for Saint Petersburg are also applicable to identifying unused and degraded lands for their transfer to other types of use.

The issues of assessing the market value of agricultural land are considered. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of determining the market value of agricultural land, and the factors affecting their value. Materials and methods. The study used approaches to assessing the market value of agricultural land, the regulatory framework governing the process of determining the market value, as well as the principles that guide the appraiser in determining the value of the object. Study results. The analysis of approaches and methods used in assessing the market value of agricultural land has shown that existing methods do not fully take into account the specifics of the assessed object in terms of determining the risks, which may eventually affect the market value. The market value of an agricultural land plot is influenced to a greater extent by natural factors, on which the efficiency of agricultural production depends, which should be taken into account when determining its value by a profitable approach. The Order of the Ministry of Property of the Russian Federation dated March 6, 2002 № 568-r (as amended on July 31, 2002) "On Approval of Methodological Recommendations for Determining the Market Value of Land Plots" contains instructions on determining the capitalization rate for the method of land rent capitalization and the method of intended use, in which calculation is reduced to doubling the risk-free income rate. As a result, it can be said that natural factors are not taken into account when calculating the market value of agricultural land plots. Based on the analysis, the factors determining the market value of agricultural land plots have been identified, which include the location of the site, its distance from the city, terrain and landscape, availability of communications (gas, water, electricity), the category of the land plot and the ways of its possible use, access roads, etc. Based on the correlation method, the main price-forming factors were determined. These include: the distance to the city (remoteness of the plot), the size of the plot, availability of communications. Conclusions. In addition to the general price-forming factors affecting the market value of agricultural land, natural ones can also be distinguished, on which the efficiency of agricultural production depends, which is used within the framework of a profitable approach.