MODELING OF THE OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOTORWAY OVERPASSES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE A4 MOTORWAY SECTION

The developed, innovative method of estimating the impact of motorway on agricultural land allows determination of all the losses associated with the directions of this impact. The basis for the determination of losses is the analysis of variability in land use and the quality classes and location of access roads to the land along the axis of the planned motorway. The approved measure of the multidirectional impact of the motorway on agricultural land is a change in the value of land, which is determined with taking into account the differences of their suitability for agricultural production. The developed method of determining the impact of motorway on agricultural land was presented on the example of A4 motorway section between Jaźwiny and Góra Motyczna. The existing section of motorway was assessed and then for the same section, the calculations were made again, but with an alternative location of the motorway overpasses (flyovers). In the case of the existing section, the construction of one kilometer of the section of motorway under consideration will result in a reduction in the value of agricultural land of 2119 cereal units. Acquisition of land for the construction of the motorway and its negative impact cover about 78% of the total reduction in value of agricultural land. The remaining 22% of the land value reduction is related to the increase in transport and the deterioration of the plots layout. On the other hand, in the case of the section with alternative arrangement of overpasses, the value of agricultural land is reduced of 2088 cereal units. Acquisition of land under construction and under motorway’s toxic impact will be equal 79%, while the combined effect of transport growth and deterioration of the layout makes 21%.

The innovative method developed for estimating the motorway impact on agricultural land allows determining all the losses associated with the directions of this interaction. The basis for the determination of losses is the analysis of the variability of land use and quality classes and location of access roads to the land along the axis of the planned motorway. An adopted measure of the multi-direction motorway impact on agricultural land is a specified change in the value of land, at which determination only the diversity of the land suitability for agricultural production is taken into account. The developed method for determining the motorway impact on agricultural land is shown on the example of the planned motorway section. The construction of one kilometre of the motorway section will reduce the value of farmland amounting to an average of 1.350 cereal units. Taking over the land for the highway construction and its negative impact covers about 85% of the total loss of value of agricultural land. The remaining 15% loss of the land value is associated with an icrease in transport and deterioration of land configuration plots.

An innovative method of assessing the motorway impact on agricultural land allows determining all the losses associated with the directions of this influence. The basis for the determination of losses is the analysis of variability of land use and quality classes and location of access roads to the land along the axis of the planned motorway. The accepted measure of the multidirectional motorway impact on agricultural land is specified change in land value at which determination only the diversity of its suitability for agricultural production was taken into account.The developed method for determining the motorway impact on agricultural land is shown on the example of the A4 motorway section, and then the results were compared with the alternative version of the motorway on this section. The presented method gives the possibility of evaluating and selecting the most optimal route of the motorway at the stage of its design.

The method of estimating the impact of the motorway on agricultural land presented in this study allows to determine all losses related to the directions of this impact. The simplified method of assessing the motorway’s impact on agricultural land is presented on the example of the A4 motorway section running through the villages of Wolica Piaskowa and Czarna Sędziszowska with a length of about 6.364 km. These are areas located in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The construction of one kilometer of the motorway section under consideration will result in a reduction in the value of agricultural land amounting to 867 cereal units. Taking over the land for the motorway construction and its negative impact covers about 76% of the total loss of value of agricultural land. The remaining 24% of the loss in value of land is related to the increase in transport and the deterioration of the plots layout.

This paper presents a study of the possibilities of using statistical indicators of the functioning of the agricultural sector of the region’s economy to estimate the value of agricultural land resources. The emerging market of agricultural land in the Russian Federation is characterized by a small number of annual transactions; therefore, the assessment of the value of land at the territorial and regional level based on the mechanisms of supply and demand is extremely difficult. To substantiate the tax base of land tax and (in some cases) the rent amount, the cadastral value of land plots is used, which is determined by the results of the state cadastral valuation of agricultural land. The methodology for cadastral valuation is debatable, since it does not provide for surveys of specific land plots; at the same time, it relies on indicators of soil quality. Therefore, its results may not be relevant, because they do not take into account important elements of economic fertility. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodological approach for estimating the value of land, which makes it possible to reflect the real economic potential of agricultural land in the region. This approach is based on the method of direct capitalization of the specific conditional net income calculated on the basis of statistical reports of agricultural producers. The methodology was tested on data from the Voronezh region, as a result of which the authors’ differentiation of municipal districts was formed according to the estimated value of agricultural land. According to the results of a comparative analysis, it is recommended to consider the issue of the advisability of changing the current methodology for assessing the value of agricultural land.

This research aims to identify (1) the difference in the value of agricultural land before and after becoming the Manado-Bitung toll road and (2) describe the social and economic changes of landowners in tumaluntung village. The study was conducted on the object of the constructions of the Manado-Bitung toll road in the village of Tumaluntung. The time of the study from august to November 2017 and continued in May until June 2019. The method used in this research is descriptive method presented in tabular form. Determination of the sample using the (purposive sampling) method. Primary data used in this study were obtained through interviews with 15 landowners. The secondary data obtained from the Tumaluntung village office, internet through google scholar to get articles from various scientific journals and theses from other tertiary institutions related to the topic of research on the value of agricultural land. The results of the study show that (1) the value of agricultural land before becoming the Manado-Bitung toll road is higher than the value of land after the toll road has been built. (2) improve social status (making current landowners better at meeting needs because land compensation money is used by landowners to be deposited into bank as investment capital such as boarding houses, bakeries, livestock business chiken, showroom, restaurant cars for purchasing capital for cars used for transportation service..*eprm*

Land resources have been identified as the basis for the development of Ukraine’s economy and positioning itself in the world market. The role of sound fiscal policy for the functioning and development of the agar sector of the country is determined. The concept of monetary valuation of agricultural land, legislative regulation and methodological basis for its conduct are analyzed. The structure of agricultural lands in the context of lands has been investigated. Most of the territory of Ukraine occupies agricultural land, according to the State Service of Ukraine for Geodesy, Cartography & Cadatsre they make up 49% of all land in Ukraine. Most agricultural lands are arable (fallow) — 79% of the total agricultural land, these lands play a significant role in the Ukrainian economy, as they are the food base for agricultural production. The information base of the regulatory monetary valuation of agricultural lands has been determined. The problems of determining the normative value of agricultural land have been identified. The statutory monetary valuation of land is now the basis for the calculation and payment of tax 4 groups, which are the majority of producers in Ukraine and the rent for the use of agricultural land. The results of the regulatory monetary valuation of land are the basis for the formation of the starting price of the right to lease on agricultural land of state and communal ownership. The state of the normative monetary valuation of agricultural lands and agricultural land is analyzed. The problems of the normative monetary valuation with information support were singled out, the creation of a single portal for the normative monetary valuation of agricultural lands is a significant step to ensure the information base of land valuation, as well as to facilitate access to information on the normative value of land.

The innovative method of assessment of the motorway impact on agricultural land presented in this study allows to estimate all losses related to the directions of this impact. The basis for the determination of losses is the analysis of land use variability and bonitation classes as well as the location of access roads to the land along the axis of the planned motorway. The applied measure of the motorway's impact on agricultural land is the change in land value, at which determination only the diversity of its suitability for agricultural production is taken into account. The developed method of determining the impact of the motorway on agricultural land was presented on the example of the A4 motorway section between the villages Jasień and Bobrowniki Małe. The existing motorway section was evaluated and then the obtained data were compared with the results obtained for the alternative version of the motorway running on the same section.

Purpose. The main purpose of the research is to substantiate the methodological approach of defuzzification and to define its peculiarities in the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands.
 Methodology / approach. The research purpose included the use of a set of appropriate methods. In particular, the fuzzy logic techniques formed the basis of the research. The system approach was used in order to determine the role of land resources in the enterprise potential and the corresponding spheres of their management. The analysis and synthesis methods were used in the process of definition of impact factors of land resources value. The cartographic method was used for the needs of graphical display of humus content in the land plots of the analyzed enterprise. The generalization method was used in the process of forming conclusions.
 Results. The article defines the peculiarities of defuzzification in the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands. The results provided the methodological basis for considering the qualitative metrics in the process of estimation as well as for granting the numerical interpretation for linguistic variables. The corresponding methodology was overviewed at the example of land plot size. The quantitative reference limits for “small”, “medium” and “large” land plots were defined. Research results made it possible to form the sequence of stages, which are to be undertaken, in order to provide numerical values for qualitative characteristics of agricultural lands. A decision tree was built for the needs of formation of management decisions. According to the data of researched enterprise, the dependence of the value of agricultural lands (for the needs of management accounting) on the size of the land plot and the humus content was determined.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The article improves the methodological approach to determining the value of agricultural lands as of an element of enterprise potential based on the use of fuzzy logic techniques, which, in contrast to existing approaches, allows taking into account both quantitative and qualitative factors in the process of estimating the value of land resources for the needs of their management. Applying the respective approach increases the level of accuracy, relevance, and adequacy to market realities of the results of estimating the value of agricultural lands for the needs of their management.
 Practical value / implications. The results of the research provided an opportunity to improve the quality and efficiency of the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands. The corresponding process is characterized by a high level of complexity and uncertainty due to the presence of a significant number of qualitative factors influencing the value of the land resources. The approach considered in the article makes it possible to take into account the influence of relevant qualitative factors by giving them numerical certainty through the use of fuzzy logic techniques. The proposed approach will provide an opportunity to increase the accuracy and relevance of estimating the value of land resources as of an element of enterprise potential for the making of corresponding managerial decisions. The proposed methodological approach was implemented with the use of data of agricultural enterprise, which made it possible to take into account linguistic variables (land plot size and chemical properties of the soil) when forming the managerial decisions about land plots. The decision tree was also formed, which serves as a means of supporting management decisions in the process of forming the value of agricultural lands.

The need for water and its impacts on agriculture and food security are growing concerns around the world and Costa Rica is no exception. In this context, the valuation of lands in light of the availability of irrigation water and other external variables has been used by different authors around the world. The objective of this research was to estimate the change in the value of the land associated with the improvement in the hydrological quality in the farms benefited from the irrigation programs in the Guanacaste region. To estimate this change, he used the hedonic pricing method (HPM) applied to a final sample of 90 references for the sale of properties available in the DRAT and its surroundings, in the period 2018-2019. The results of the adjusted model indicate that the availability of water for production and consumption in the study area can increase the value of the land by up to 10%. Other variables comply positively with the characteristics sought by real estate companies and owners such as, proximity to the population center, accessible roads, land use. Finally, the size of the farm has an inverse behavior when relating the price per square meter. The model used turned out to be a viable tool for identifying the variables that determine the value of land in areas destined mainly for agricultural and livestock production in the study area.

Purpose of this research is to improve the methods of valuation of agricultural land. Today, the moratorium on the purchase and sale of agricultural land has been lifted and sale of agricultural land is increasingly raised and therefore the problem of establishing an objective (market) price for agricultural land is relevant, because increasing the level of their use is an objective necessity and condition for the gradual development of society [Hubar Yu., 2020]. Methodology. A significant contribution to the study of the theory and methods of land valuation was made by A. S. Danilenko, Yu. F. Dekhtyarenko, Yu. P. Hubar, A. G. Martin, M. G. Stupen, A. M. Tretyak, G. V. Cherevko. Instead, the formation and improvement of methodological bases for the monetary valuation of agricultural land paid attention to G. D. Gutsulyk, D. S. Dobriak, О. S. Dorosh, O. F. Kovalishin. Emphasis was placed on the shortcomings of the economic assessment conducted in the Soviet period I. K. Bystryakov, S. I. Doroguntsov, Hubar Yu. P., A. M. Tretyak, M. A. Hvesyk and others. However, despite the considerable amount of scientific research in which the land was considered a means of production, tools and objects of labor (which in the current environment is insufficient), little studied and debatable are the value of land as a whole system with all its properties. This is due to the fact that agricultural land is mostly assessed differently according to the available dominant indicators (yield, value of gross output). This does not build a hierarchy on the importance of other indicators. The complexity and versatility of the problem of land valuation require the continuation and deepening of scientific research in this area. Results. The study is based on the general principles of economic and mathematical modeling, mathematical statistics, econometrics, basic and applied research. The information base of the research consisted of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of real estate appraisal, land and city cadastres, statistics, ecology. The issue of land pricing is complex and multifaceted, the development of the land market depends on its solution. Therefore, further research should be aimed at improving the valuation of agricultural land. This process should be based on state service, taking into account the economic and political situation. This will ensure after the lifting of the moratorium on the disposal of agricultural land, the creation of a competitive environment in the land market, the objectivity of the assessment and increase the flow of funds to the state budget. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The performed researches will allow to improve the quality of determining the market value of agricultural lands for further development of land reform in Ukraine. The most important results of the study are: generalization of scientific provisions for the implementation of land valuation works and methodological approaches to determining the value of agricultural land; highlighting the disadvantages and advantages of modern methods of agricultural land valuation; proving the importance of taking into account environmental factors in the assessment of land arising from the activities of agricultural production; substantiation of the need to assess land plots with a set of physical properties of soils and spatial conditions of their implementation; development of methods for assessing the normative yield of grain crops on the basis of dynamic and statistical simulation modeling and software for its spatial implementation. It is established that the use of market-based prices will allow to make informed management decisions during the implementation of land reform in Ukraine. Individuals and legal entities on the basis of the proposed developments will be able to assess the investment attractiveness of agricultural land.

The valuation of agricultural land is a complex task, influenced by markets characterized by low transparency and limited activity, which restrict the ability to form a sufficiently representative real estate sample. The lack of information that typifies land markets makes traditional statistical and econometric models impractical. In contrast, mathematical models based on valuation systems, such as the General Appraisal System (GAS) and the Allocation System (AR), offer an effective solution. The AR, in particular, breaks down the value of a complex property into its main components, using implicit average prices to quantify the contribution of each part to the overall price. This method, primarily used for appraising average values related to surface characteristics, is well suited for the evaluation of land with multiple types of crops. Although the valuation literature attests to its reliability as a tool for assessing agricultural land, its practical application remains relatively limited. To address this gap, the present work examines the applicability of AR to land markets through the presentation of a concrete valuation case study. The main objectives are to illustrate the process of determining the assessed value and to analyze the benefits of the optimal selection of comparable sales. This phase, conducted by applying specific measures to the appraisal sample, highlights the importance of selecting comparable properties, which can be crucial in distinguishing between heterogeneous valuation results, often difficult to interpret and justify without appropriate valuation criteria.

The market analysis report that is submitted to the decision maker (see chapter 4) should include a descriptive, qualitative overview of the context the real estate project has to the existing and changing urban environment. To better accomplish this task, one should have knowledge of the general theory regarding the market processes that bring about land use and urban form. This chapter presents three relevant general theories of land use and land value. Together, these general theories provide a general qualitative understanding of how the existing urban environment came to be and allows the analyst to prognosticate the trajectory of change of urban land uses and land values. The first two of the general theories presented here arose out of an attempt to explain agricultural land values and land uses. Why should a discussion of the agronomy sector be included in a book on urban real estate analysis? First, all the general theories relevant to land values and land use, and their spatial distribution within a city, are part of an intellectual heritage that dates from general theories of agricultural land values and land use. Second, much of new urban development occurs at those suburban margins. To understand development at the suburban margins, there must be an understanding of the nonurban land uses and land values at those locations. The third general theory explains spatial equilibrium and its role in shaping urban land values and land uses. Two eighteenth-century theorists, David Ricardo and Johann Heinrich von Thünen, are credited for having created a vast and sometimes opposing literature on land valuation. Ricardo’s economic theory was based upon the relative productivity of sites. In contrast, von Thünen’s geographic theory was focused on the locational component of land values and land use. The juxtaposition of these two competing giants of land theory in many respects still differentiates economists and geographers even today. After the theories of Ricardo and von Thünen are presented, an overview of the consumption theory of land rent (CTLR) is provided. The CTLR is my general theory and methodology for evaluating urban housing land use, land values, and urban form (Thrall 1980, 1987, and see 1991).

This report summarizes the results of the North Dakota Land Valuation Model using a capitalization rate of 9.5 percent. The 2003 North Dakota Legislature amended the statute that defines the capitalization rate to be used in this analysis. This legislative change places a minimum of 9.5 percent for the capitalization rate if the calculated value falls below this level. For 2003, the capitalization rate formula yielded a rate of 8.53 percent, thus the minimum of 9.5 percent was used. This model is used annually to estimate average land values by county, based on the value of production from the land. The county land values developed from this procedure form the basis for the 2003 valuation of agricultural land for real estate tax assessment. The average all land value from this analysis is multiplied by the total acres of agricultural land on the county abstract to determine each county's total agricultural land value for taxation purposes. The State Board of Equalization compares this value with the total value assessed to agricultural property in each county. Each county is required by state statute to assess a total value of agricultural property within 5 percent of this value. The average value per acre of all agricultural land in North Dakota decreased by 5.3 percent in this analysis. The increase in the capitalization rate alone accounted for an average decrease in land values of 6.2 percent.

Hedonic modeling is commonly used in land and property value estimations in an attempt to identify the impact that various attributes have on the market value of that property. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors contributing to land value of agricultural, forest, and residential properties in Yamhill County, as part of the Spatial Ecosystem Services Analysis, Modeling, and Evaluation (SESAME, http://www.pdx.edu/ecosystem-services/) project. This paper discusses the process and preliminary results of the development of hedonic models that will be utilized for predicting land value changes under future land conversion scenarios. Applying the models to future scenarios will provide insight into the effect that land conversion will have on market value of land in Yamhill County, in order to elucidate one component of the total land value in the area. Numerous studies have performed hedonic modeling in order to provide greater understanding of the non-market ecosystem service values that are contributing to land values, and it is necessary to have baseline information on the value of environmental attributes in order to identify potential policy and planning activities that can preserve these values. Current methods for assessing the value of non-market ecosystem services are mostly in development stages, with few widely-accepted approaches. Utilizing hedonic modeling and other revealed preference techniques may provide valuable insight into the contribution of nonmarket goods and services, in order to ensure they are adequately accounted for in planning and management decisions. UNDERSTANDING THE DRIVERS OF LAND VALUE ii