On the interaction between equilibration processes and wet or dry deposition

Abstract

Atmospheric equilibration processes between two phases with different deposition velocities have the potential to affect significantly the amount of total material deposited on the ground. The magnitude of the effects of the equilibration processes depends primarily on the ratio of the deposition velocities of the two phases, on the production/emission rate of the gas phase species, and on the initial distribution of species between the two phases. The deposition of a condensible species equilibrating between gas and aerosol phases can increase by as much as 20 times over that when equilibration processes are not present under appropriate conditions (very large aerosol particles, most of the material initially in the gas phase and high gas-phase production rate) or to decrease by as much as 15 times (very small aerosol particles, most of the material initially in the gas phase and high gas-phase production rate). In fog episodes, the deposition of a gaseous species with a Henry's Law constant between 10 3 and 10 6 M atm −1 (e.g. SO 2 for pH between 4.5 and 7, H 2O 2, HCHO etc) can be enhanced by as much as a factor of 3 because of its transfer to the aqueous phase. For the NH 3HNO 3NH 4NO 3 system the total deposition can be reduced by as much as a factor of 3 for typical conditions in a polluted atmosphere and small initial concentration of aerosol NH 4NO 3 with NH 3 initially dominating HNO 3 in the gas phase. If an operator splitting scheme is used in a mathematical both equilibration and removal processes should be included in the same operator or very small operator time steps (typically less than 1 min) will be necessary.