On the Formation of Multiple Arcs around Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars

Abstract

Two types of models for the formation of semiperiodic concentric multiple arcs (M-arcs) around asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and in planetary nebulae are compared against observations. Models that attribute the M-arcs to processes in an extended wind acceleration zone around AGB stars result in an optically thick acceleration zone, which reduces the acceleration efficiency in outer parts of the extended acceleration zone. This makes such models an unlikely explanation for the formation of M-arcs. Models which attribute the M-arcs to semiperiodic variation in one or more stellar properties are most compatible with observations. The only stellar variation models on timescales of ~50-1500 yr that have been suggested are based on an assumed solar-like magnetic cycle. Although ad hoc, the magnetic cycle assumption fits naturally into the increasingly popular view that magnetic activity plays a role in shaping the wind from upper AGB stars.