Abstract
Spatial distributions of ultrafine particles (UFPs; 6 ＜ D_p ＜ 560 nm) and related gaseous and particulate pollutants were estimated from on-road measurements undertaken on busy roadways of Seoul, Korea, using a mobile laboratory (ML). The objectives of the study were to determine the spatial variations in UFP size distributions and concentrations of associated gaseous and particulate pollutants and to observe the relationships of UFP number concentrations with other pollutants on roadways in an urban area in Korea. The pollutants associated with diesel vehicles such as black carbon (BC) and particlebound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PM-PAHs) exhibited a high determination coefficient (r^2=0.65), indicating the influence of diesel vehicles on emissions in the study area. Further supporting evidence for the influence of diesel vehicles on emissions was given by the higher determination coefficients of PM-PAHs and BC concentrations with larger sizeclassified particles, ranging from 60 ＜ D_p ＜ 220 nm, than with total UFP number concentrations or smaller particles in the 6 ＜ D_p ＜ 60 nm size range. Peak concentrations of measured pollutants were observed mostly at intersections, reflecting the relationships of transient driving modes (i.e., deceleration and acceleration) with emissions of UFPs, associated pollutants, and concentrated traffic volumes at such locations.
Highlights
Atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs; Dp < 0.1 μm) originating from natural sources and processes as well as from anthropogenic activities have attracted increasing interest in the last decade (Morawska et al, 2008)
Spatial distributions of ultrafine particles (UFPs; 6 < Dp < 560 nm) and related gaseous and particulate pollutants were estimated from on-road measurements undertaken on busy roadways of Seoul, Korea, using a mobile laboratory (ML)
The objectives of the study were to determine the spatial variations in UFP size distributions and concentrations of associated gaseous and particulate pollutants and to observe the relationships of UFP number concentrations with other pollutants on roadways in an urban area in Korea
Summary
Atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs; Dp < 0.1 μm) originating from natural sources and processes as well as from anthropogenic activities have attracted increasing interest in the last decade (Morawska et al, 2008). UFPs are important from the perspective of adverse health effects on humans as well as their subsequent growth into fine particles (FPs; Dp < 2.5 μm), which have the longest atmospheric residence time of all particulates and can be transported for long distances from the source area, contributing to regionalscale air pollution. Studies have reported UFP concentration gradients near sources, including the rapid decrease in particle number concentrations with distance downwind of roadways (Hitchins et al, 2000, Zhu et al, 2002a, b; Polidori et al, 2008; Buonanno et al, 2009; Hagler et al, 2009; Kim et al, 2013) These stationary measurement studies provide useful data at roadsides but are less suitable for investigating the spatial distribution of UFPs and sharp gradients that characterize UFP concentrations on real roadways. Highways and arterial roads have been targeted for these measurements in both rural and urban areas These studies provide information regarding UFP number concentrations with size distributions and levels of associated gaseous pollutants such as CO, CO2, and NOx under real-world conditions. Our objectives were a) to provide UFP spatial variations and size distributions with associated gaseous and particulate pollutant concentrations and b) to observe the relationships of UFPs number concentrations with other pollutants on roadways in an urban area in Korea
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