Abstract
This study aims at analyzing the performance of three units known as low salt rejection reverse osmosis (LSRRO), split-feed counterflow reverse osmosis (SF-CFRO), and split-brine counterflow reverse osmosis (SB-CFRO) and implementing them in a modified multi-stage multi-feed counter-current membrane with cascade recycle for dewatering hypersaline streams to the salinity appropriate for crystallizers' feed. Exergy and primitive pinch analysis showed that dewatering is limited in SF-CFRO as the permeate inlet dictates the maximum salinity difference at the pinch point as well as high frictional pressure loss in the permeate channel. SB-CFRO and LSRRO units can reach high salinities by increasing permeate to concentrate flow rate and salt permeability, respectively but their efficiency drops due to transport-stemming exergy destruction. Optimizing the multi-stage systems showed that SB-CFRO, LSRRO, and SF-CFRO implemented systems can dewater 70 g/L influent to 234 g/L effluent with unit water cost of 3.44, 3.77, and 3.63 $/m3 and with corresponding specific energy consumption of 8.66, 16.82, and 9.47 kWh/m3, respectively. Furthermore, it was shown that the influent with salinity less than 70 g/L should be delivered to the first inlet while at higher salinities up to 90 g/L it should be given to the second inlet.
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