Abstract
Few decisions have had such a far-reaching effect on the development and production of biological products as that made in 1954 by the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board. It was at that point that a decision had to be made regarding the use of HeLa cells as the substrate for an experimental adenovirus vaccine. Because HeLa cells were rejected in favour of ‘normal cells’, a philosophy emerged which equated anything other than primary cell cultures from normal tissues of normal animals as dangerous and unacceptable. It was a philosophy which probably made sense at the time, and which had the general support of the biomedical community. However, once it became established as a standard of practice, any suggestion to depart from that position was met with significant obstacles as exemplified by the diploid cell line saga.
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