Abstract
One of the most dangerous food contaminants are mycotoxins - secondary metabolites of toxinogenic fibre fungi considered the main plant pathogens. A variety of Fusarium fungi, which are common soil fungi, produce a number of different mycotoxins of the class of trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol and some other toxins (zearalenone and fumonisins)). The Fusarium fungi are commonly found on cereals grown in the temperate regions of Europe. In this work contamination of Slovak grain by toxins with focus on the genus Fusarium was monitored. The results of monitoring pointed at relative low contamination of Slovak grain by toxins the genus Fusarium from harvest 2008, which is documented by maximum as well as by average measuring data in comparison with valid legislation. Average measuring data of deoxynivalenol in year 2008 were in barley 48,8 µg.kg -1 , in oats 90 µg.kg -1 , in wheat 70 µg.kg -1 , in rye 65,5 µg.kg -1 , in maize 75,9 µg.kg -1 . Average measuring data of zearalenon in year 2008 were in barley 0,8 µg.kg -1 , in oats 9,1 µg.kg -1 , in wheat 7,1 µg.kg -1 , in rye 3,2 µg.kg -1 , in maize 13,9 µg.kg -1 . Average measuring data of T2 toxin in year 2008 were in barley 3,38 µg.kg -1 , in oats 22,9 µg.kg -1 , in wheat 15 µg.kg -1 , in rye 2,9 µg.kg -1 , in maize 13,9 µg.kg -1 . In year 2009 when presence of nivalenol in 79 samples was evaluated, detected levels varied from 5 to 1025 µg.kg -1 , in case of those samples also deoxynivalenol was evaluated, detected levels varied from 25 to 965 µg.kg -1 . The results pointed at higher contamination. In year 2010 when presence of nivalenol in 96 samples was evaluated, detected levels varied from 5 to 48 µg.kg -1 , in case of those samples also deoxynivalenol was evaluated, detected levels varied from 5 to 2348 µg.kg -1 . In this year the results pointed at the highest contamination over the past three years. Average measuring data of deoxynivalenol in wheat in year 2009 were 241 µg.kg -1. Average measuring data of deoxynivalenol in wheat in year 2010 were 552,25 µg.kg -1 . doi:10.5219/139
Highlights
One of the most dangerous food contaminants are mycotoxins – secondary metabolites of toxinogenic fibre fungi considered the main plant pathogens
Monitorovaniu kontaminácie slovenského obilia toxínmi a sledovanie maximálnych množstiev niektorých kontaminantov v potravinách je neoddeliteľnou súčasťou úradnej kontroly potravín v Slovenskej republike
Preto je veľmi dôležité pokračovať v sledovaní kontaminácie obilnín a v analýzach v rámci odobratých vzoriek v oblasti úradných kontrol potravín za účelom ochrany spotrebiteľa
Summary
Vzorky boli odoberané v sledovanom období v zmysle zákona NR SR č.152/95 Z. z. o potravinách v znení neskorších predpisov v rámci úradných kontrol potravín u prevádzkovateľov potravinárskych podnikov. Vzorky boli odoberané v sledovanom období v zmysle zákona NR SR č.152/95 Z. z. O potravinách v znení neskorších predpisov v rámci úradných kontrol potravín u prevádzkovateľov potravinárskych podnikov. Jednalo sa o vzorky odobraté orgánmi štátnej veterinárnej a potravinovej správy u prvotných producentov, výrobcov a v baliarňach obilnín, resp. V obchodnej sieti pričom boli analyzované na prítomnosť ochratoxínu A (OTA) a fuzáriových toxínov. Všetky vzorky boli odobraté v zmysle nariadenie komisie (ES) č. Deoxynivalenol sa stanovoval metódou HPLC/UV, GC/TOF, stanovenie zearalenonu bolo vykonané metódou HPLC/FLD, GC/TOF, stanovenie T-2 a H-T2 toxínu metódou HPLC/MS/MS, GC/TOF, stanovenie fumonizínov B1+B2 metódou HPLC/FLD a stanovenie ochratoxínu A (OTA) metódou HPLC/FLD. Najvyššie prípustné množstvá (NPM) fuzáriových toxínov v obilí a vo výrobkoch z obilia sú upravené Nariadením komisie č.1881/2006/ES v znení neskorších predpisov
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