Abstract
Neural stem cells are maintained in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone in the adult mammalian brain throughout life. Neurogenesis is continuous, but its extent is tightly regulated by environmental factors, behavior, hormonal state, age, and brain health. Increasing evidence supports a role for new neurons in cognitive function in rodents. Recent evidence delineates significant similarities and differences between adult neurogenesis in rodents and humans. Being context-dependent, neurogenesis in the human brain might be manifested differently than in the rodent brain. Decline in neurogenesis may play a role in cognitive deterioration, leading to the development of progressive learning and memory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review discusses the different observations concerning neurogenesis in the rodent and human brain, and their functional implications for the healthy and diseased brain.
Highlights
INTRODUCTIONIn the adult rodent brain, neural stem cells (NSC) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular layer (SGL) of the dentate gyrus (DG) give rise to new neurons and glia throughout life
Edited by: Neural stem cells are maintained in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus and in Philip B
SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE AND OLFACTORY BULB Some studies observed neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb (OB) and neuroblasts in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) (Bedard and Parent, 2004) and a remarkable resemblance between the mouse and human RMS through which neural progenitor cells (NPC) migrate from the subventricular zone (SVZ) to the OB during aging (Curtis et al, 2007)
Summary
In the adult rodent brain, neural stem cells (NSC) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular layer (SGL) of the dentate gyrus (DG) give rise to new neurons and glia throughout life. SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE AND OLFACTORY BULB Some studies observed neurogenesis in the OB and neuroblasts in the RMS (Bedard and Parent, 2004) and a remarkable resemblance between the mouse and human RMS through which NPC migrate from the SVZ to the OB during aging (Curtis et al, 2007). Instead, possessing the typical migratory morphology, they move along as single cells or as pairs These migrating neuroblasts express the immature neuronal markers doublecortin (DCX), polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) and class III beta-tubulin (Tuj1) and some of them express proliferation markers (e.g., Ki67; Wang et al, 2011). Based on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 expression, some of these astrocytes seem to proliferate, but do not migrate in chains, and only a small number of them express Tuj and exhibit migratory morphology (Sanai et al, 2004; Quinones-Hinojosa et al, 2006).
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