Abstract
A comprehensive description of ocean molecular flow and deformation is provided with the help of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic principles. Hydrodynamic computation of true or natural viscosities shows that ocean shear viscosity (� G), compression viscosity (� K), and extensional viscosity (� E) are interrelated. There are no experimental methods available for the in situ measurement of these viscosities. Sound absorption coefficients (� obs) allow to know the ultrasonic shear (� UG), compression (� UK), and longitudinal (� L) viscosities, which decrease with increasing frequency and increase with increasing temperature, the flow activation energies having nearly equivalent values; pressure (depth) increase/decrease them at low/high frequencies. The viscosities � * UG, � * UK, � * L are approached at about 1000 KHz. They decrease with temperature and pressure, and increase with salinity. The � *UG becomes equal to the true shear viscosityG at the viscosity ratio � = � UK / � UG = 0.
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