Occurrence of nine nitrosamines and secondary amines in source water and drinking water: Potential of secondary amines as nitrosamine precursors

Abstract

Due to their high carcinogenicity, the control of nitrosamines, a group of disinfection by-products (DBPs), is an important issue for drinking water supplies. In this study, a method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was improved for simultaneously analyzing nine nitrosamines in source water and finished water samples of twelve drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in China. The method detection limits of the nine target analytes were 0.2–0.9 ng/L for the source water samples and 0.1–0.7 ng/L for the finished water samples. Of the nine nitrosamines, six (N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMor), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA)) were detected. The total nitrosamine concentrations in source water and finished water samples were no detection-42.4 ng/L and no detection-26.3 ng/L, respectively, and NDMA (no detection-13.9 ng/L and no detection-20.5 ng/L, respectively) and NDEA (no detection-16.3 ng/L and no detection-14.0 ng/L, respectively) were the most abundant. Meanwhile, the occurrence of nine secondary amines corresponding to the nine nitrosamines was also investigated. All of them except for di-n-propylamine were detected in some source water and finished water samples, and dimethylamine (no detection-3.9 μg/L and no detection-4.0 μg/L, respectively) and diethylamine (no detection-2.4 μg/L and no detection-1.8 μg/L, respectively) were the most abundant ones. Controlled experiments involving chloramination of four secondary amines confirmed that dimethylamine, diethylamine, morpholine and di-n-butylamine in water can form the corresponding nitrosamines, with diethylamine and morpholine showing significantly higher yields than dimethylamine which has already been identified as a precursor of NDMA. This study proved that diethylamine, morpholine and di-n-butylamine detected in raw water would be one of the important the precursors of NDEA, NMOR and NDBA, respectively, in drinking water.