Occurrence of heavy metals in sediment and their bioaccumulation in sentinel crab (Macrophthalmus depressus) from highly impacted coastal zone

Abstract

The current study aimed to investigate the eight heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, and Cd) occurrence and risk assessment in the sediment and sentinel crab (Macrophthalmus depressus) from the mangrove and coastal environment of industrialized and mega city Karachi, Pakistan. The sediment analyzed for physiochemical properties (grain size composition, organic matter, and heavy metals), that presented significant variability (p < 0.05) among the selected sites. The environmental health and eco-toxicological profile of the habitat determined through the enrichment factor (EF), adverse effect index (AEI) and potential ecological risk index (RI) that revealed high anthropogenic influences along the Karachi coast. All heavy metals in crab showed significant spatial differences (p < 0.001) and the strong correlation between the essential and non-essential metals. Sediment-biota accumulation factor (SBAF) suggested active bio-accumulation (>1.0) in crabs for all metals, except Cr. Pb accumulation in crabs showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) with the exposure Pb levels in sediment, which indicated the potential of crab as a bioindicator of Pb contamination. Principal component analysis (PCA) concluded that environmental factors like seawater temperature, salinity, sediment grain size and organic matter had a significant association with different metal accumulation in crabs. The current study revealed the ecological significance of sentinel crab, M. depressus, as they endure with wide range (low to serious RI) of metal contaminated environment.