Abstract
The study aimed at assessing the proximate composition, isolation, characterization of some Enterobacteriaceae from two (2) brands of poultry feeds marketed in Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria. A total of sixteen (16) samples of two (2) different poultry feeds (starter and finisher) from four (4) poultry farms in mando were collected and subjected to proximate and microbiological analysis. The proximate analysis was carried out using standard techniques and procedures. All the feed samples were cultured on separate media which include Eosin methylene blue (EMB), nutrient Agar (NA) and Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SSA) media using standard procedures. The antibiogram of the selected antibiotics was evaluated against the test isolates. The result of proximate analysis of the starter and finisher feeds indicated that the Dry matter of starter feed had the highest percentage composition of 95.02% and crude fiber of the finisher feed had the lowest composition of 3.78%. The highest number of bacterial load was recorded to be 10.0×104 CFU/g for the feed sample A (starter feed) and 12.0x104CFU/g was recorded for the feed sample B (finisher feed) which had the highest number of bacterial load recorded among the two (2) different poultry feeds analyzed. The bacteria isolates were identified as Salmonella species and Escherichia coli. Total viable count (TVC) of Salmonella species and E. coli in the feed samples (starter and finisher) ranges from 3.0×104CFU/g to 12.0×104CFU/g. Both organisms (Salmonella species, E. coli) were found as 37.5% and 25% of the analyzed feeds (Broiler starter and broiler finisher) samples, respectively. There was no level of significant (p>0.05) difference between the level of contamination of Salmonella species and E. coli in the two different feeds analyzed, as p=0.06 and p=0.13 for Salmonella species, and E. coli respectively. Sample A and B (Starter and Finisher) feeds had the highest number of Salmonella species occurrence with six ( 6) positive samples while E. coli was recorded in four (4) samples of A and B (Starter and Finisher) feeds. The result of the antibiogram indicated that ciprofloxacin (30 µg), Gentamycin (30µg), Perfloxacin (30µg) and Tarvid (30µg) was effective against Salmonella species and Escherichia coli. The significant of spread of the species of the Enterobacteriaceae in livestock feeds requires the need for effective quality assurance and control, good hygiene practices in production and proper handling of the poultry feeds.
Highlights
All domesticated birds by man are referred to as poultry
A research on cereal ingredients in the UK showed that animal feeds were contaminated with Salmonella and Escherichia coli at the farm level, whereas 92% of the meat and bone meal samples tested in the United States were contaminated with Salmonella and Escherichia coli and in the Netherlands 31% Salmonella contamination was recorded in fishmeal samples[50]
The crude fiber content recorded for broiler starter was 4.92%, crude fiber content recorded for broiler finisher feed was 3.78 %
Summary
All domesticated birds by man are referred to as poultry. These birds include domestic duck, fowl, geese, guinea fowl, turkey, ostriches and pigeons as reported by[54]. Most animals harbour pathogens which are of food borne which serves as a good source of contamination, which is of significant in the spread of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in humans[7]. These bacteria can survive for prolonged periods of time without multiplication on materials with low moisture contents providing for the possibilities of the bacteria to be mechanically transmitted from one site to another through fomites, including contaminated feeds 10. Feed manufacturing facilities are considered as critical contamination points for Salmonella and Escherichia coli entry into the food chain The feeds and their ingredients are a significant sources of extensive contaminations by antibiotic resistant bacteria along side multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella sp.[5]. The research aimed at assessing the occurrence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in some livestock feeds in Mando, Kaduna
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