Abstract
Residue concentrations of fifteen antibiotics including sulfonamides, quinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, and trimethoprim in lakes from Hanoi metropolitan area, Vietnam, were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS-MS) to elucidate their occurrence and behavior in urban environment. For surface water, the average concentrations of five antibiotic classes decreased in the order: sulfonamides (117.9 ng/L) > β-lactams (31.28 ng/L) > quinolones (20.19 ng/L) > macrolides (17.74 ng/L) > trimethoprim (8.93 ng/L). While the highest concentration of SMX was detected at 806.5 ng/L in surface water, those obtained in sediment were only at 1.35 ng/g because of their high solubility in water. Quinolones were found at a maximal concentration of 158.7 ng/L for OFL in water phase whereas those in sediment phase were 4,017 ng/g due to their great affinity in sediment. These findings revealed the different fate and release mechanisms of each antibiotic group in the environment. The ecological risk assessment implied some targeted compounds, and in particular, OFL and AZM could pose high risks to algae in the aquatic ecosystem.
Highlights
Antibiotics are widely used to protect the health of humans and animals or to promote growth rate of animals as food additives and antibiotic usage in the world exceed 200,000 tons per year and antibiotic consumption is on the rise [1]
It is inevitable that aquatic organisms have the potential to be exposed to ecotoxic effects of these unexpected residual antibiotics through the food web beginning with first consumer, e.g., algae [13], which means it may threaten to the global public health and the ecological security. e environmental risk of antibiotics to Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry aquatic organisms has been well reported in some highincome countries, but it has been scarce in developing countries such as Vietnam
TMP, SMX, OFL, and CLR were the most frequently detected compounds in 100% of surface water samples while MXF and CDX were hardly detected in water samples from West Lake (WL)
Summary
Antibiotics are widely used to protect the health of humans and animals or to promote growth rate of animals as food additives and antibiotic usage in the world exceed 200,000 tons per year and antibiotic consumption is on the rise [1]. Antibiotics are extensively prohibited as growth promoters in farming and husbandry, they may be used in regular infectious diseases It is undeniable enormous benefits of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infection for humans and animals. The development of the healthcare sector entails considerable consequences associated to antibiotics due to their toxicity to living organisms and the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in the aquatic environment. For this reason, antibiotics have been categorized as emerging contaminants which may contaminate and cause the adverse impacts to the environment, in particular freshwater ecosystems including water, sediment, and aquatic organisms. It is inevitable that aquatic organisms have the potential to be exposed to ecotoxic effects of these unexpected residual antibiotics through the food web beginning with first consumer, e.g., algae [13], which means it may threaten to the global public health and the ecological security. e environmental risk of antibiotics to Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry aquatic organisms has been well reported in some highincome countries, but it has been scarce in developing countries such as Vietnam
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