Observational Behavioral Coding in the Pediatric Emergency Department: Development of the Emergency Department Child Behavior Coding System

Abstract

BackgroundDespite improvements over the past decade, children continue to experience significant pain and distress surrounding invasive procedures in the emergency department (ED). To assess the impact of newly developed interventions, we must create more reliable and valid behavioral assessment tools that have been validated for the unique settings of pediatric EDs. ObjectiveThis study aimed to create and test the Emergency Department Child Behavior Coding System (ED-CBCS) for the assessment of child distress and nondistress behaviors surrounding pediatric ED procedures. MethodsVia an iterative process, a multidisciplinary expert panel developed the ED-CBCS, an advanced time-based behavioral coding measure. Inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity were examined using 38 videos of children aged from 2 to 12 years undergoing laceration procedures. Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale scores were used to examine concurrent validity. ResultsThe final ED-CBCS included 27 child distress and nondistress behaviors. Time-unit κ values from 0.64 to 0.98 and event alignment κ values from 0.62 to 1.00 indicated good to excellent inter-rater reliability for all but one of the individual codes. ED-CBCS distress (B = 1.26; p < 0.001) and nondistress behaviors (B = –0.69, p = 0.025) were independently significantly associated with FLACC scores, indicating concurrent validity. ConclusionsWe developed a psychometrically sound tool tailored for pediatric ED procedures. Future work could use this measure to better identify behavioral targets and test the effects of interventions to relieve pediatric ED pain and distress.