Abstract
Gadolinium molybdate is a classical example of an improper ferroelectric and ferroelastic material. It is established that the spontaneous polarization arises as a secondary effect, induced by a structural instability in the paraelectric phase, which leads to a unit cell doubling and the formation of a polar axis. However, previous x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies on gadolinium molybdate have been restricted by the limited ability to include a wide $2\ensuremath{\theta}$ range in the analysis, and thus, at atomic scale, much remains to be explored. By applying temperature-dependent XRD, we observe the transition from the paraelectric tetragonal phase to the orthorhombic ferroelectric phase. The ferroelastic strain is calculated based on the thermal evolution of the lattice parameters, and Rietveld refinement of the temperature-dependent data reveals that the displacement of different cations follows different critical behavior, providing insight into the structural changes that drive the improper ferroelectricity in gadolinium molybdate.
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