Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in schoolchildren. Several methods are used to evaluate ADHD therapeutic effects, including the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP) questionnaire, the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale, and the visual analog scale. However, these scales are subjective. In this study, we employed an objective method to evaluate the aforementioned therapeutic effects. Ten patients (nine boys and one girl) with ADHD were enrolled. An accelerometer was embedded in a smart watch to record the movements of patients with ADHD. The variance values of the accelerometer before and after one month of medication (methylphenidate) use were compared. The results demonstrated that the variance values along the y- and z-axes of the accelerometers significantly decreased after one month of methylphenidate use. Before and after one month of methylphenidate use, the variance values were 4.4227 ± 2.1723 and 2.3214 ± 0.6475 (p = 0.0119) on the y-axis, and 4.0933 ± 1.5720 and 2.4091 ± 0.8141 (p = 0.0140) on the z-axis, respectively. In addition, the correlation was moderate-to-strong between the SNAP hyperactivity subscale and variance along the y-axis. Thus, a smart watch with an accelerometer inside is potentially an objective and useful method for evaluating the therapeutic effects of ADHD medications.
Highlights
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in schoolchildren; its prevalence in the United States ranges from 2% to 18% in this age group [1].If not treated, ADHD may affect the patients’ functionality in childhood and cause social and educational problems in later periods of their lives
We evaluated the therapeutic effect of the ADHD medication, methylphenidate, by using a smart watch equipped with an accelerometer and analyzing the movements of patients with ADHD
ReductionInPercentage this study, we found that the variance values along the y- and z-axes of the accelerometer (O): oppositional significantly decreased(I):ininattentive; patients (H): withhyperactive; ADHD after the use of defiant
Summary
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in schoolchildren; its prevalence in the United States ranges from 2% to 18% in this age group [1]. ADHD may affect the patients’ functionality in childhood and cause social and educational problems in later periods of their lives. ADHD diagnosis and treatment are crucial in its early stages [2]. ADHD treatment may consist of drug therapy, behavioral therapy, or their combination. According to neurochemical evidence for ADHD, drug therapy is considered more effective than behavioral therapy [3]. Stimulants are widely used for ADHD drug therapy, approximately 20% of children do not respond to the treatment [4]. There are several methods for evaluating the therapeutic effects of ADHD medication, including the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham
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