Abstract

As the US Opioid Epidemic worsens, developing effective non-opioid pain therapies is an urgent priority. Long- or short-term opioid use releases chemokines, cytokines, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) that sensitize neurons leading to overactivity of ascending pain pathways1. Opioid use activation of descending pain pathways facilitates the release of excitatory peptides in the spinal cord (SC) contributing to the maintenance of long-lasting pain sensitization1. We present an association of opioid-sparing effects2 of ECAP-controlled closed-loop SCS (ECAP-CL) in treatment of chronic pain.

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