Abstract
Vegetable oils (VO) are possible substitutes for fish oil in aquafeeds but their use is limited by their lack of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). However, oilseed crops can be modified to produce n-3 LC-PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, representing a potential option to fill the gap between supply and demand of these important nutrients. Camelina sativa was metabolically engineered to produce a seed oil with around 15% total n-3 LC-PUFA to potentially substitute for fish oil in salmon feeds. Post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed for 11-weeks with one of three experimental diets containing either fish oil (FO), wild-type Camelina oil (WCO) or transgenic Camelina oil (DCO) as added lipid source to evaluate fish performance, nutrient digestibility, tissue n-3 LC-PUFA, and metabolic impact determined by liver transcriptome analysis. The DCO diet did not affect any of the performance or health parameters studied and enhanced apparent digestibility of EPA and DHA compared to the WCO diet. The level of total n-3 LC-PUFA was higher in all the tissues of DCO-fed fish than in WCO-fed fish with levels in liver similar to those in fish fed FO. Endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthetic activity was observed in fish fed both the Camelina oil diets as indicated by the liver transcriptome and levels of intermediate metabolites such as docosapentaenoic acid, with data suggesting that the dietary combination of EPA and DHA inhibited desaturation and elongation activities. Expression of genes involved in phospholipid and triacylglycerol metabolism followed a similar pattern in fish fed DCO and WCO despite the difference in n-3 LC-PUFA contents.
Highlights
Global demand for omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) has significantly increased during the last two decades on the basis of their proven health benefits [1]
None of the aforementioned n-3 PUFA are present in wild-type Camelina oil (Wt-CO) that only contains 18:3n-3 and 20:3n-3 (Table 2), and their presence in Tr-CO was accompanied by decreased proportions of 18:3n-3, 18:1n-9 and 20:1n9 compared to Wild-type Camelina oil (Wt-CO)
In the present study a new source of the n-3 LC-PUFA fatty acids, EPA and DHA, from genetically modified (GM) Camelina sativa was evaluated in Atlantic salmon post-smolts as a potential substitute for fish oil in aquafeeds
Summary
Global demand for omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) has significantly increased during the last two decades on the basis of their proven health benefits [1]. In addition world population is expected to increase to 9.1 billion by 2050 [2] increasing. De Novo EPA-DHA Source in Atlantic Salmon Aquafeeds funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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