Abstract
Nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding women is fundamental to the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond. To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997–2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). There is also a deficiency in calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins D, B6, B5, and folates. Breast milk adequately provides all the macronutrients necessary for the growth of the child. Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother’s diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother’s diet of breast milk. In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. We note a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products, and therefore calcium, but also magnesium, zinc, iron, and vitamins D, E, B6, and folate. Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3.
Highlights
The supply of nutrients to the fetus and the infant during the first 1000 days of the child’s [1] life, from conception to the end of the second year, depends on the supply of nutrients from the diet of the pregnant and breastfeeding woman.the mother’s diet and lifestyle before and during pregnancy and lactation constitute a determining factor in the infant’s health that can be projected on that of the child and future adult [2].Without diminishing the importance of the macronutrients, in recent decades, research on human milk and infant nutrition has been mainly focused on the role of some essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace elements
This interest has been greatly motivated by the demonstration of the causal relationship between folic acid deficiency in early pregnancy and neural tube defects in the fetus [3], or the function that long-chain essential fatty acids play for neuro-sensory
Healthcare 2022, 10, x Healthcare 2022, 10, 65 interest has been greatly motivated by the demonstration of the causal relationship between folic acid deficiency in early pregnancy and neural tube defects in the fetus [32],ofo1r1 the function that long-chain essential fatty acids play for neuro-sensory development during pregnancy and lactation (Figure 1).These relationsdheipvselboeptmweenetndsuorminegnpurtergiennatndcyefaicnidenlcaicetsatainondi.eTshoefsethreelfaettiuosnsahnidpsinbfeatnwteheanvseodmi-e rneucttlryiernatisdeedfiqcuieensctieosnsanredgpaardthinoglotghiespofssthibeilfietytuosfapnrdevinenfatniotnhtahvreoudgirhecptlryopraeirsseudpqpulemstieonn-s traetgioanrd[4in].g the possibility of prevention through proper supplementation [4]
Summary
The supply of nutrients to the fetus and the infant during the first 1000 days of the child’s [1] life, from conception to the end of the second year, depends on the supply of nutrients from the diet of the pregnant and breastfeeding woman. Without diminishing the importance of the macronutrients (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates), in recent decades, research on human milk and infant nutrition has been mainly focused on the role of some essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace elements. This interest has been greatly motivated by the demonstration of the causal relationship between folic acid deficiency in early pregnancy and neural tube defects in the fetus [3], or the function that long-chain essential fatty acids (omega 6 and omega 3 families) play for neuro-sensory. Given that energy intake varies a lot according to BMI, a first visit at the beginning of pregnancy was considered to evaluate the woman’s nutrition status and performed
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