Nutrient processes and modeling in urban stormwater ponds and constructed wetlands

Abstract

Stormwater ponds, such as wet ponds and constructed wetlands, are widely used to manage stormwater runoff volume and water quality. Controlling nutrient levels in flows through stormwater ponds is of increasing concern, with many regions implementing loading limits for receiving waters. Nitrogen and phosphorus loading to stormwater ponds and wider catch basin sources are established. Dominant stormwater pond internal processes and prevalent nutrient forms are discussed. Relative impact of removal vectors and key factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and seasonal impacts are reviewed. The direct and secondary impacts of design considerations such as macrophytes and floating treatment wetlands are discussed. Established design guideline performance standards and actual pond performance are compared. Modern approaches to modelling water quality changes within stormwater ponds are reviewed, within the context of improved pond design moving forward. This review paper intends to provide a broad overview of the nutrient processes in stormwater ponds and potential avenues for designers to improve future performance.