Abstract
Bukit Merah Reservoir (BMR) is the oldest reservoir in Malaysia constructed to supply irrigation water to the Kerian Irrigation Scheme. Depletion of storage capacity due to sedimentation process is the most concerning issue of the reservoir recently. Sediment analysis is also very important when monitoring the substances that appear in the reservoir water. Environmental toxins, like heavy metals and hydrophobic organic components, as well as nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are readily bond to the particulate matter. Factors in the reservoir that affect the particulate matter will aid the distribution of contaminants in the sediments. The contaminants in the sediments could have higher concentrations compared to those found in the overlying water. This means that the sediment plays an important role in the cycling of nutrients and distribution of contaminants in the ecosystem. The objectives of this research are to determine the relationship of nutrient and heavy metal content for sediment and overlying water. Nutrient profile information is provided from sediment sample analysis. Based on the data from the horizontal distribution of surface sediment phosphorus in BMR, it was apparent that the highest concentration occurred in the reservoir inlet from Sungai Kurau catchment area. Phosphorus and nitrogen in BMR have a similar trend of decreasing concentration from upstream to downstream. The phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of surface sediment were in fact significantly correlated with phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of surface water because of the high value of determination of correlation (R2). As a conclusion, the deposition of sediments was found to bring along external nutrients. Variability of phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in the sediment directly affects the quality of water which is very important for irrigation and domestic uses.
Highlights
A reservoir is one of the key sources of water supply as it provides hydroelectric power and provides flood protection
The phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of surface sediment were significantly correlated with phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of surface water because of the high value of determination of correlation (R2)
The deposition of sediments was found to bring along external nutrients
Summary
A reservoir is one of the key sources of water supply as it provides hydroelectric power and provides flood protection. Reservoir storage is often affected by sedimentation due to soil erosion in the catchment area [1]. Reservoir sedimentation is a threat to the optimal use of water resources. Reservoir sedimentation is the process of sediment deposition that occurs after a dam construction [2]. Removal of vegetation and indiscriminate land development in the catchment area can increase the volume of stream flows. As a result of runoff from rainfall, soil particles on the surface of catchment area can be eroded and transported [3]. Erosion will decrease the soil water storage capacity and reduce infiltration on the eroded sites. The eroded soil will be transported along the water stream and deposited upon arriving at the reservoir. Repetition of transportation and deposition processes will result in the occurrence of reservoir sedimentation problems
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