Abstract
Research to achieve net-zero is actively being carried out. In industrial processes, large amounts of carbon are emitted to product thermal energy, and there is a growing interest in electrification technologies to reduce this. While electric heaters and heat pumps are representative technologies for electrification, research to determine which technologies can economically contribute to carbon reduction is necessary. In this study, transient model for a heat pump and thermal energy storage (TES) was developed, and the CO2 emissions and economic feasibility were analyzed. When coupled with photovoltaic power and battery energy storage (BESS), it was found that the heat pump can reduce CO2 emissions more economically than electric heater. Transient analysis was performed for the case of coupling TES with heat pump instead of BESS and it was found that CO2 emissions vary from 276 to 231 g/kWhth with and without the TES, respectively. When combining the heat pump and photovoltaic system with TES or BESS, the nominal levelized cost of heat to reach the same level of CO2 emissions is 11.6 % higher for the BESS-coupled system. Up to certain level of CO2 emissions, the TES-coupled system is economically viable, but minimum emissions can be achieved with the BESS-coupled system.
Published Version
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