Numerical study for entropy generation and melting heat in flow of modified hybrid nanomaterial (Ag + MWCNTs + SWCNTs + Water)

Abstract

The main theme behind this work is to model and analyze melting heat in the squeezed flow of a modified hybrid nanomaterial (Ag + MWCNTs + SWCNTs + Water). Entropy generation in the presence of viscous dissipation is investigated. Modeling is performed for basefluid (Water), nanofluid (SWCNTs + Water), hybrid nanofluid (MWCNTs + SWCNTs + Water), and modified hybrid nanomaterial (Ag + MWCNTs + SWCNTs + Water). Entropy production rate, velocity, Bejan number, skin friction coefficient, temperature, and Nusselt number are evaluated graphically under sundry variables. Non-linear coupled equations (ODEs) are constructed from the expressions (PDEs (continuity, momentum, and energy)) by adopting suitable transformations. The obtained coupled systems are then solved numerically by the bvp4c technique (shooting method with RK-4 algorithm). To execute this methodology, first we have converted our governed non-linear ODEs into a system of first-order ODEs. It is due to the fact that bvp4c works on the basis of the Runge–Kutta method, which is applicable to first-order ODEs. The velocity of the fluid increases with an increment in squeezing and melting parameters while it is reduced via nanoparticle concentration for silver. Fluid temperature reduces with melting while it boosts with squeezing number. Both melting and squeezing number boost skin friction. Nusselt number increases with both melting and squeezing number. Entropy is minimized via the squeezing number. The Bejan number is higher for both melting and squeezing number. It is concluded that performance of modified hybrid nanomaterial is best when compared with nanomaterial and hybrid nanomaterial.