Abstract
The simultaneous effect of flexible wall and multiple stenoses on the flow and mass transfer of blood is investigated through numerical computation and simulations. The solution is obtained using the Marker and Cell technique on an axisymmetric model of Newtonian blood flow. The results compare favorably with physical observations where the pulsatile boundary condition and double stenoses result in a higher pressure drop across the stenoses. The streamlines, the iso-concentration lines, the Sherwood number, and the mass concentration variations along the entire wall segment provide a comprehensive analysis of the mass transport characteristics. The double stenoses and pulsatile inlet conditions increase the number of recirculation regions and effect a higher mass transfer rate at the throat, whereby more mass is expected to accumulate and cause further stenosis.
Highlights
Caro et al [1] postulated that atherosclerosis, which is a narrowing of the artery as a result of plaque build-up may occur due to shear-dependent mass transfer mechanism between blood cholesterol and the arterial wall
Cholesterol exists in blood in the form of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) whose deposition along the walls of the artery is a key step in atherogenesis, which would lead to stenosis
Stenosis can affect the velocity of blood flowing through the artery, affecting blood pressure, collapsing the heart, which could in turn lead to disastrous consequences. us, an understanding of the behavior of local mass transport in arterial stenosis is important in the study of the formation and development of atherosclerotic lesions for appropriate assessment on the possible correlation between the site of atherosclerotic lesions and the pattern of mass transport
Summary
Caro et al [1] postulated that atherosclerosis, which is a narrowing of the artery as a result of plaque build-up may occur due to shear-dependent mass transfer mechanism between blood cholesterol and the arterial wall. Other studies on mass transport and fluid flow in stenotic arteries of axisymmetric and asymmetric models have been carried out by [3,4,5,6] In these studies, the arterial wall was considered as rigid and the artery is assumed to have single mild stenosis, in which the geometry of the stenosis is represented by the usual cosine curve along with a restriction that the ratio of the severity of stenosis and the radius of the artery is very small. Nandakumar and Anand [20] studied steady and pulsatile flow of blood through a channel with single as well as double stenoses on the assumption that the pulsations of flow are damped in the small vessels; the flow is effectively steady in the capillaries and the veins while Liu and Tang [21] investigated the influence of distal stenosis on blood flow through curved arteries with two stenoses Again, these studies on pulsatile flow have not considered the mass transfer. We consider a fully developed two-dimensional axisymmetric flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid of density ρ in a tube. e relevant equations of motions in vector forms are the continuity, momentum, and mass as follows:
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