Numerical Models of Boundary Layer Processes over and around the Gulf of Mexico during a Return-Flow Event

Abstract

Abstract The return-flow of low-level air from the Gulf of Mexico over the southeast United States during the cool season is studied using numerical models. The key models are a newly developed airmass transformation (AMT) model and a one-dimensional planetary boundary layer (PBL) model. Both are employed to examine the thermodynamic structure over and to the north of the Gulf. Model errors for predicting minimum, maximum, and dewpoint temperatures at the surface during both offshore and onshore phases of the return-flow cycle are analyzed. PBL model forecasts indicate soil moisture values obtained from the Eta Model improve accuracy. It is shown that forecasts of maximum temperature for coastal locations are sensitive to the soil moisture used in the PBL model. The AMT model performs well in determining boundary layer parameters since it includes horizontal advective processes. The AMT model is also able to predict the regional differences caused by different surface forcing while passing over land or se...