Abstract
As an important part of low-frequency communication research, the “Changhe-II” and Loran-C navigation systems have been integral to long-distance radio communication since their inception, being widely used for positioning, navigation, and timing. This paper analyzes data from the “Changhe-II” South China Sea chain to Xinxiang and Qingdao, as well as the Loran-C Northwest Pacific chain to Wuchang, Xinxiang, and Qingdao, using the wave-hop theory to study methods for predicting low-frequency sky wave propagation delays. The results demonstrate that the wave-hop theory can provide highly accurate predictions of low-frequency sky wave propagation delays in East Asia, with an average RMSE of less than 2 μs. Furthermore, the predictive performance, evaluated across both temporal and spatial dimensions, is influenced by factors such as propagation links and seasonal variations. The results of this paper are of significant reference value for optimizing the design of low-frequency navigation systems, ultimately supporting more extensive and accurate navigation services.
Published Version
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