Abstract
\noindent {\bf Abstract:} This study investigates the potential broad application of Subsurface Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (SSVF CWs) for heavy metal remediation, focusing on Chromium (Cr) and Arsenic (As) removal efficiency. A pilot-scale experimental setup was employed, utilizing a SSVF CW filled with 12 mm gravel and 2 mm coarse sand, planted with Phragmites Australis. The research, conducted over 366 days, aimed to develop a numerical approximation tool to predict the performance and applicability of SSVF CWs in various environmental conditions. The experimental system operated at a hydraulic loading rate of $98-111 \mathrm{~mm} / \mathrm{d}$ and a hydraulic retention time of 6 days. Results showed average removal efficiencies of $44.87 \pm 9.52 \%$ for Cr and $43.16 \pm 9.43 \%$ for As. A mass balance analysis revealed that substrate accumulation was the primary mechanism for heavy metal removal, accounting for $29 \%$ of Cr and $26 \%$ of As removal. Plant uptake contributed to $3.5-9.9 \%$ of Cr and $0.3-$ $8.8 \%$ of As removal. Based on these findings, a numerical model was developed to simulate SSVF CW performance under varying environmental and operational parameters. The model incorporated factors such as influent concentrations, hydraulic loading rates, substrate composition, and plant species. Validation against experimental data showed good agreement, with an $\mathrm{R}^{2}$ value of 0.89 . The numerical tool was then used to predict SSVF CW performance across a range of scenarios, indicating potential broad applications in industrial wastewater treatment, mine drainage remediation, and contaminated groundwater cleanup. This study provides valuable insights into the scalability and versatility of SSVF CWs for heavy metal removal, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution for water treatment challenges.\\
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