Abstract
ABSTRACT Sand traps are essential for managing sedimentation in irrigation systems, ensuring the efficiency and longevity of water infrastructure. This study addresses the underperformance of the Lower Usuthu Smallholder Irrigation Project (LUSIP) sand trap in the Usuthu River basin, eSwatini, where sediment build-up disrupts its operational efficiency. Field investigations and advanced numerical modeling using ANSYS Fluent, the study evaluates the trapping and flushing efficiency of the sand trap. A fully coupled 3D numerical model simulates hydrodynamics and sediment transport, focusing on flow velocity and suspended sediment concentration distributions under both maximum design discharge and low-flow conditions. Field investigations revealed a trapping efficiency of 27% and a flushing efficiency of 36% during low-flow conditions, primarily due to turbulence and design limitations. Numerical simulations identified critical sediment deposition patterns and flow dynamics, leading to design recommendations. With the proposed modifications, the sand trap's trapping efficiency is projected to increase to 85%, while flushing efficiency is expected to reach 80% under low-flow conditions. This study introduces innovative modeling approaches to assess three-dimensional flow dynamics in distributed-sediment-excluder systems, offering actionable insights for optimizing sediment management in irrigation infrastructure. These findings contribute to sustainable agricultural development and water resource management, addressing challenges in semi-arid regions.
Published Version
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