Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and, in general, derivatives of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used in various products and industries due to their unique physical and chemical properties such as hydrophobicity, wetting properties and oleophobicity (lack of affinity to oils). Unfortunately, they are resistant to biodegradation and accumulate as environmental contaminants widely found in water, soil and air. This study puts forward several environmentally friendly and simply produced adsorbents which remove PFOA from aqueous solutions. Calcium fluoride (CaF2), aluminium fluoride (AlF3) and calcium-ferric layered double hydroxide (LDH Ca-Fe) were prepared using solution nucleation in a bubble column evaporator (BCE). The efficiency of these adsorbents was measured based on particle growth in the BCE and PFOA-removal rates using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (USEPA 537). LDH Ca-Fe successfully removed 90 % of PFOA (initially at 10 ppm). This study suggests that the BCE method offers cost-effective and simply produced adsorbents, which appear promising in removing PFAS from the environment.
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