Abstract
The formation of crystals from solutions containing sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate is a complex process that often results in fouling of heat-transfer surfaces. Complexity results from a dependence of the composition of crystals formed on the composition of the solution, and the solution composition changes with crystallization. In the present work, experiments involving evaporation at 115 °C were used to identify these species and the specific regimes in which they are formed. Crystals produced in these experiments were sodium sulfate, burkeite, a new species referred to as dicarbonate, and either sodium carbonate monohydrate or anhydrous sodium carbonate.
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