Abstract
Nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) is a synchrotron radiation (SR)-based nuclear inelastic scattering spectroscopy that measures the phonons (i.e., vibrational modes) associated with the nuclear transition. It has distinct advantages over traditional vibration spectroscopy and has wide applications in physics, chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, materials sciences, and geology, as well as many other research areas. In this article, we present a scientific and figurative description of this yet modern tool for the potential users in various research fields in the future. In addition to short discussions on its development history, principles, and other theoretical issues, the focus of this article is on the experimental aspects, such as the instruments, the practical measurement issues, the data process, and a few examples of its applications. The article concludes with introduction to non-57Fe NRVS and an outlook on the impact from the future upgrade of SR rings.
Highlights
Nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) is a synchrotron radiation (SR)-based nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) spectroscopy that measures the phonons associated with the nuclear transition [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
NRVS Transitions and Selection Rules Figure 1a shows the basic principle of NRVS transitions; while an incident X-ray beam scans through an interested energy region to cover the nuclear transition and the associated vibrations (e.g., E1 ~ 14.41425 keV for 57Fe), the nuclear back radiation can be monitored as the scattering energy (E2 = hν1)
A positive aspect is that the temperature sensitivity can sometimes be intentionally used as a mechanism of tuning monochromator energy instead of rotating θ; for exthe dedicated nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) beamlines have HRM and NRVS measurement separated in different hutches to prevent the temperature surge around HRMs due to beam on and off activities
Summary
Nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) is a synchrotron radiation (SR)-. based nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) spectroscopy that measures the phonons (i.e., vibrational modes) associated with the nuclear transition [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The total intensities collected from both the direct nuclear fluorescence at hν and the internally converted electron K shell fluorescence at hν vs the vibrational energy Evib = (E1–E2) is a raw NRVS spectrum In this sense, it is similar to resonant optical Raman spectroscopy where vibrational information is extracted in an inelastic scattering from laser light excitation. SSiimmiillaarr ttoo MMöössssbbaauueerr ttrraannssiittiioonn,, tthhee NNRRVVSS ssiiggnnaall lleevveell iiss pprrooppoorrttiioonnaall ttoo tthhee LLaammbb–– MMöössssbbaauueerrffaacctotorr(f(LfLMM oorr LLMM ffaaccttoorr ffoorr sshhoorrtt)). The NRVS for a particular vibrational mode α is proportional to the mean square displacement of the isotope j in the nuclear transition (e.g., j = 57Fe), as illustrated in Equation (2). NRVS will be different for an incident beam along three perpendicular directions in the sample (x, y, and z); for this case, there will be three distinct mode composition factors, e2jα,x, e2jα,y, and e2jα,z, corresponding to the projection of the nuclear motion along x-, y-, and z-axes
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